1995 Russian legislative election

1995 Russian legislative election
	All 450 seats in the State Duma; 226 seats needed for a majority
	Winning party by region

Legislative election were held in Russia on 17 December 1995.^[1] At stake were the 450 seats in the State Duma (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), the lower house of the Federal Assembly.

Electoral system edit

The election law adopted for the 1995 election was similar to that adopted for the 1993 election, with some minor modifications. First, to secure a place on the proportional representation ballot, parties had to have registered with the Ministry of Justice no later than six months before the election, and the number of signatures they had to gather rose from 100,000 to 200,000. Second, invalid votes were now included in the calculation of the 5.0 percent threshold. Third, on the single-member district ballot, party endorsements of candidates were indicated.

Political blocs edit

№		Abbr.	First troika	Political position	Ideologies	Notes
1	Women of Russia	ZhR	Alevtina Fedulova • Ekaterina Lakhova • Galina Klimantova	Centre	Women's rights / Pacifism	^[2]
2	Social Patriotic Movement «Derzhava»	Derzhava	Alexander Rutskoy • Viktor Kobelev • Konstantin Dushenov	Right-wing	Russian nationalism / Social conservatism
3	Social Political Movement «Duma-96»	Duma-96	Vladimir Burenin • Mikhail Simonov • Georgy Kondratyev	Centre	Centrism / Conservatism
4	Transformation of the Fatherland	PO	Eduard Rossel • Yury Nozhikov • Viktor Yakimov	Centre	Regionalism / Autonomism
5	Tikhonov–Tupolev–Tikhonov	TTT	Alexander Tikhonov • Aleksey Tupolev • Viktor Tikhonov	Centre	Centrism
6	Russian All-People's Movement	ROD	Alexander Bozhenov • Valery Moshnyakov • Vladimir Platonov	Centre	Cossacks interests
7	All-Russian Muslim Social Movement "NUR"	NUR	Halit Yakhin • Vafa Yarullin • Anver Shagidullin	Centre	Muslim interests / Islamic democracy
8	Federal Democratic Movement	FDD	Oleg Novikov • Oleg Kalugin • Rimma Kazakova	Centre	Federalism
9	Cause of Peter the First	DPP	Valentin Dikul • Vadim Voevodin • Yan Koltunov	Right-wing	National conservatism / Monarchism
10	International Union	MNS	Abdulah Mikitaev • Makhmut Gareev • Alexander Zaytsev	Centre	Multiculturalism
11	Socio-Political Movement "Stable Russia"	SR	Oleg Petrov • Elina Bystritskaya • Alexander Gorlov	Centre-right	Conservatism
12	Frontier Generations	PR	Dmitry Solonnikov • Nikolay Pelepeshin • Marat Bariev	Centre	Youth politics
13	My Fatherland	MO	Boris Gromov • Stanislav Shatalin • Joseph Kobzon	Centre-left	Social democracy
14	For the Motherland!	ZR	Vladimir Polevanov • Yevgeny Podkolzin • Eduard Baltin	Right-wing	Conservatism / Anti-Reformism
15	Common Cause	OD	Irina Khakamada • Rolan Bykov • Vladimir Dzhanibekov	Centre-right	Liberalism
16	Bloc of Independents	BN	Yevgeny Fyodorov • Ilya Roitman • Vladimir Komchatov	Centre-right	Conservatism
17	Our Home – Russia	NDR	Viktor Chernomyrdin • Nikita Mikhalkov • Lev Rokhlin	Centre-right	Liberal conservatism / Fiscal conservatism
18	Pamfilova–Gurov–Lysenko	PGL	Ella Pamfilova • Alexander Gurov • Vladimir Lysenko	Centre-right	Classical liberalism / Atlanticism
19	Social Association «Yabloko»	Yabloko	Grigory Yavlinsky • Vladimir Lukin • Tatiana Yarygina	Centre-left	Social democracy / Social liberalism
20	Forward, Russia!	VR	Boris Fyodorov • Bela Denisenko • Alexander Vladislavlev	Centre-right	Liberal democracy / Liberal conservatism
21	89 Regions of Russia	89	Pavel Medvedev (only elected deputy)	Centre	Regionalism
22	Ecological Party of Russia "KEDR"	KEDR	Anatoly Panfilov • Leonid Yakubovich • Artyom Tarasov	Centre	Green politics / Agrarianism
23	Democratic Choice of Russia – United Democrats	DVR-OD	Yegor Gaidar • Sergei Kovalev • Lidiya Fedoseyeva-Shukshina	Centre-right	Liberal conservatism / Anti-communism
24	Party of Russian Unity and Accord	PRES	Sergey Shakhray • Valery Bykov • Vladimir Ivankov	Centre-right	Moderate liberalism / Conservatism / Regionalism
25	Communist Party of the Russian Federation	CPRF	Gennady Zyuganov • Svetlana Goryacheva • Aman Tuleyev	Left-wing to far-left	Communism / Marxism–Leninism / Left-wing nationalism
26	Stanislav Govorukhin Bloc	BSG	Stanislav Govorukhin • Oleg Rumyantsev • Viktor Aksyuchits	Right-wing	Statism / Conservatism
27	Association of Lawyers of Russia	AAR	Alexey Malayev • Gasan Mirzoyev • Anatoly Fedoseev	Centre	Rule of law
28	National Republican Party of Russia	NRPR	Nikolay Lysenko • Nikolay Pavlov • Konstantin Ovchinnikov	Far-right	Solzhenitsynism / Russian ultranationalism
29	Social Democrats	SD	Gavriil Popov • Vasily Lipitsky • Oleg Bogomolov	Centre-left	Social democracy
30	Power to the People!	VN	Nikolai Ryzhkov • Sergey Baburin • Elena Shuvalova	Right-wing	Patriotism / Social conservatism / Pochvennichestvo
31	Congress of Russian Communities	KRO	Yury Skokov • Alexander Lebed • Sergey Glazyev	Right-wing to far-right	Russian nationalism / National conservatism
32	Trade Unions and Industrialists – Union of Labour	ST	Vladimir Scherbakov • Mikhail Shmakov • Arkady Volsky	Centre-left	Labourism / Industrialism
33	Liberal Democratic Party of Russia	LDPR	Vladimir Zhirinovsky • Sergey Abeltsev • Alexander Vengerovsky	Right-wing to far-right	Right-wing populism / Pan-Slavism
34	Bloc of Djuna	Djuna	Eugenia Davitashvili • Andrey Volkov • Aleksandr Pankratov-Chyorny	Centre	Populism
35	Party of Workers' Self-Government	PST	Svyatoslav Fyodorov • Alexey Kazannik • Aleksandr Porokhovshchikov	Centre-left	Social democracy
36	Communists – Labour Russia – For the Soviet Union	KTR	Viktor Tyulkin • Anatoly Kryuchkov • Viktor Anpilov	Far-left	Communism / Marxism–Leninism / Anti-revisionism
37	Beer Lovers Party	PLP	Konstantin Kalachyov • Dmitry Shestakov • Andrey Palchevsky	Big tent	Joke party / Protectionism / Anti-establishment
38	Ivan Rybkin Bloc	BIR	Ivan Rybkin • Yury Petrov • Artur Chilingarov	Centre-left	Agrarianism / Social democracy
39	Party of Economic Freedom	PES	Konstantin Borovoi • Leonid Nekrasov • Vladimir Kovalyonok	Centre-right	Liberalism / Neoconservatism / Economic liberalism
40	People's Union	NS	Vladimir Lukyanov • Dmitry Galagan • Gennady Mironov	Big tent	Interests of defrauded depositors
41	Agrarian Party of Russia	APR	Mikhail Lapshin • Aleksandr Nazarchuk • Vasily Starodubtsev	Left-wing	Agrarian socialism / Collectivism
42	Christian Democratic Union – Christians of Russia	HDS	Vitaly Savitsky • Tatiana Ivanova • Alexander Kisilyov	Centre-right	Christian democracy
43	Union of Workers of Housing and Communal Services	SRZhKKh	Leonid Chernyshov • Pyotr Suvorov • Valery Avdeyev	Big tent	ZhKKh workers' interests

Campaign edit

Out of the forty three parties and coalitions contesting the elections, only four cleared the 5% threshold to qualify for the proportional seats.

Pro-Government parties edit

Our Home – Russia had weightier resources and soon acquired the nickname of "party of power" for its reliance on elite political and economic office holders. It was also referred to as "Our Home Is Gazprom" for its close ties to Gazprom's substantial financial resources. Most of the cabinet ministers joined the bloc, and a number of business leaders and regional political elites affiliated with it. However, almost no other parties entered it, and many SMD candidates who had initially affiliated with the party soon left it. One of the early parties to enter the bloc, Sergei Shakhrai's Party of Russian Unity and Accord, also deserted it in August.^[3] The party program called for "stability and development, democracy and patriotism, confidence and order" as well as "pragmatism" and "a civilized market". Other proposals were contradictory as the party proposed, among other things, to encourage foreign investment while protecting Russian manufacturers, and to promote agricultural reform while regulating land ownership.

In the election, the Our Home Is Russia bloc took 10.1% of the vote, enough to form a faction in the State Duma but not enough to serve as a dominant or pivotal force in parliament orin the regions. At its peak, the party claimed the membership of around one third of Russia's governors. However, both the center and regional elites made only ephemeral commitments to Our Home is Russia.^[4]^[5]

Opposition parties edit

As a result of these elections, the Communists and their satellites, the Agrarians and other left-wing deputies, controlled a little less than the half of the seats. The populist LDPR occasionally sided with the left majority, but often supported the government. As in the previous Duma, the parliamentary groups of independent deputies had a significant influence on the balance of power in the parliament.

On January 17, 1996 a Communist, Gennady Seleznyov, was elected the Speaker of the Duma.

Results edit


Party		Party-list			Constituency			Total seats	+/–
Party		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Total seats	+/–
	Communist Party	15,432,963	22.73	99	8,636,392	12.78	58	157	+115
	Liberal Democratic Party	7,737,431	11.40	50	3,801,971	5.63	1	51	–11
	Our Home – Russia	7,009,291	10.33	45	3,808,745	5.64	10	55	New
	Yabloko	4,767,384	7.02	31	2,209,945	3.27	14	45	+18
	Women of Russia	3,188,813	4.70	0	712,072	1.05	3	3	–21
	Communists and Working Russia for the Soviet Union	3,137,406	4.62	0	1,276,655	1.89	1	1	New
	Congress of Russian Communities	2,980,137	4.39	0	1,987,665	2.94	5	5	New
	Party of Workers' Self-Government	2,756,954	4.06	0	475,007	0.70	1	1	New
	Democratic Choice of Russia – United Democrats	2,674,084	3.94	0	1,819,330	2.69	9	9	–53
	Agrarian Party of Russia	2,613,127	3.85	0	4,066,214	6.02	20	20	–18
	Derzhava	1,781,233	2.62	0	420,860	0.62	0	0	New
	Forward, Russia!	1,343,428	1.98	0	1,054,577	1.56	3	3	New
	Power to the People	1,112,873	1.64	0	1,345,905	1.99	9	9	New
	Pamfilova–Gurov–Lysenko	1,106,812	1.63	0	476,721	0.71	2	2	New
	Trade Unions and Industrialists – Union of Labour	1,076,072	1.59	0	584,063	0.86	1	1	New
	Environmental Party of Russia "Kedr"	962,195	1.42	0	304,896	0.45	0	0	0
	Ivan Rybkin Bloc	769,259	1.13	0	1,073,580	1.59	3	3	New
	Stanislav Govorukhin Bloc	688,496	1.01	0	483,281	0.72	1	1	New
	My Fatherland	496,276	0.73	0	351,911	0.52	1	1	New
	Common Cause	472,615	0.70	0	148,584	0.22	1	1	New
	Beer Lovers Party	428,727	0.63	0	57,946	0.09	0	0	New
	All Russian Muslim Public Movement "Nur"	393,513	0.58	0	49,689	0.07	0	0	New
	Transformation of the Fatherland	339,654	0.50	0	227,822	0.34	1	1	New
	National Republican Party	331,700	0.49	0				0	New
	Block of Djuna	323,232	0.48	0				0	New
	Party of Russian Unity and Accord	245,977	0.36	0	285,654	0.42	1	1	–22
	Russian Lawyers' Association	242,966	0.36	0	96,046	0.14	0	0	New
	For the Motherland!	194,254	0.29	0	213,723	0.32	0	0	New
	Christian-Democratic Union – Christians of Russia	191,446	0.28	0	102,335	0.15	0	0	New
	38 Words Electoral Bloc	145,704	0.21	0				0	New
	People's Union	130,728	0.19	0	70,685	0.10	0	0	New
	Tikhonov–Tupolev–Tikhonov Bloc	102,039	0.15	0	65,458	0.10	0	0	New
	Russian Union of Workers of ZhKKh	97,274	0.14	0	115,386	0.17	0	0	New
	Social Democrats	88,642	0.13	0	233,269	0.35	0	0	New
	Party of Economic Freedom	88,416	0.13	0	199,150	0.29	1	1	New
	Russian All-People's Movement	86,422	0.13	0	224,779	0.33	0	0	New
	Bloc of Independents	83,742	0.12	0	375,287	0.56	1	1	New
	Federal Democratic Movement	82,948	0.12	0	86,519	0.13	0	0	New
	Sociopolitical Movement "Stable Russia"	81,285	0.12	0	159,226	0.24	0	0	New
	Duma-96	55,897	0.08	0	108,672	0.16	0	0	New
	Frontier Generation	44,202	0.07	0	13,429	0.02	0	0	New
	Bloc '89	40,840	0.06	0	175,459	0.26	1	1	New
	Interethnic Union	39,592	0.06	0	169,746	0.25	0	0	New
	All-Russian Sociopolitical Movement of Transport Workers				162,263	0.24	0	0	New
	Democratic Russia and Free Trade-Unions				158,040	0.23	0	0	New
	Sociopolitical Movement "Education is Russia's Future"				129,399	0.19	0	0	New
	Union of Patriots				118,441	0.18	0	0	New
	Union of Russian Moslems				65,688	0.10	0	0	New
	Party "Union of Communists"				62,181	0.09	0	0	New
	Party of Supporters of Tax Reduction				61,519	0.09	0	0	New
	Party "Democratic Alternative"				61,252	0.09	0	0	New
	Conservative Party				57,351	0.08	0	0	New
	Case of Peter the First				51,928	0.08	0	0	New
	Russian Party				43,221	0.06	0	0	New
	Union of Patriotic Orthodox Organisations				42,269	0.06	0	0	New
	Party "Economic Alternative"				37,622	0.06	0	0	New
	We are Serving for Russia!				35,535	0.05	0	0	New
	League of Independent Scientists				28,666	0.04	0	0	New
	National-Republican Party of Russia				27,197	0.04	0	0	New
	Social Alliance "Revival"				27,032	0.04	0	0	New
	Russian Union of Local Self-Government				21,427	0.03	0	0	New
	Our Future				18,488	0.03	0	0	New
	Faith, Labour, Conscience				14,639	0.02	0	0	New
	Russian Party of Car Owners				8,088	0.01	0	0	New
	People's Salvation Front				1,881	0.00	0	0	New
	Workers' Collectives and Greens for the Union of Co-Owners				1,442	0.00	0	0	New
	European Liberal Democratic Party				154	0.00	0	0	New
	Independents				21,620,835	31.99	77	77	–58
Against all		1,918,151	2.83	–	6,660,495	9.85	–	–	–
Total		67,884,200	100.00	225	67,585,707	100.00	225	450	0

Valid votes		67,884,200	98.09		67,585,707	97.71
Invalid/blank votes		1,320,619	1.91		1,582,227	2.29
Total votes		69,204,819	100.00		69,167,934	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		107,496,856	64.38		107,496,856	64.34
Source: University of Essex, Nohlen & Stöver

Parliamentary groups edit

Parliamentary group	Leader	Seats (Jan.'96)[1]
Communist Party of the Russian Federation	Gennady Zyuganov	139
Our Home - Russia	Sergei Belyaev	65
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia	Vladimir Zhirinovsky	49
Yabloko	Grigory Yavlinsky	45
"Regions of Russia (Independent Deputies)"	Oleg Morozov	44
People's Power	Nikolai Ryzhkov	41
Agrarian Group	Nikolay Kharitonov	35
Democratic Choice of Russia (unregistered)	Sergey Yushenkov	6
Independents		19
Total		450

References edit

^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1642 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
^ Данные протоколов территориальных избирательных комиссий об итогах голосования по федеральному округу
^ Belin&Orttung 1997, pp. 34–36
^ Hale, 2006, pp. 208–209
^ McFaul, 2001, p. 205

[NS-1] Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1642 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7

[lists-2] Данные протоколов территориальных избирательных комиссий об итогах голосования по федеральному округу

[3] Belin&Orttung 1997, pp. 34–36

[4] Hale, 2006, pp. 208–209

[5] McFaul, 2001, p. 205

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]