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1968 United States presidential election in Alabama

Main article: 1968 United States presidential election

The 1968 United States presidential election in Alabama was held on November 5, 1968. In Alabama, voters voted for electors individually instead of as a slate, as in the other 49 states.

1968 United States presidential election in Alabama
← 1964November 5, 19681972 →
All 10 Alabama electoral votes to the Electoral College
 
NomineeGeorge WallaceHubert HumphreyRichard Nixon
PartyDemocratic (Alabama)DemocraticRepublican
AllianceAmerican IndependentNational Democratic (Alabama)
Home stateAlabamaMinnesotaNew York[a]
Running mateCurtis LeMayEdmund MuskieSpiro Agnew
Electoral vote1000
Popular vote691,425196,579146,923
Percentage65.86%18.72%13.99%
County Results
President before election

Lyndon B. Johnson
Democratic

Elected President

Richard Nixon
Republican

The 1960s had seen Alabama as the epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement, highlighted by numerous bombings by the Ku Klux Klan in "Bombingham",[1] Birmingham police commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor's use of attack dogs against civil rights protesters, attacks on the Freedom Riders and Selma to Montgomery marchers, and first-term Governor George Wallace's "stand in the door" against the desegregation of the University of Alabama.[2] The state Democratic Party, which had remained closed to African-Americans two decades after Smith v. Allwright outlawed the white primary,[3] had by a five-to-one margin refused to pledge its 1964 electors to incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson,[4] and no attempt was made to challenge this Wallace-sponsored Democratic slate with one loyal to the national party.[5] Despite sponsoring the state Democratic slate, in the 1964 general election Wallace would back Republican nominee Barry Goldwater,[6] who won almost seventy percent of Alabama's ballots against the state Democratic electors, for his opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

George Wallace would build a third party candidacy with his right-wing populist American Independent Party during the following two years, campaigning on opposition to desegregation, race riots, and the counterculture. However, with the state Democratic Party still refusing to integrate,[3] the national party made efforts to place its own electors on the Alabama ballot in 1967.[7] As expected, Wallace won the state Democratic primary in May, and was listed as the “Democratic” candidate on the Alabama ballot.[8] National Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey was able,[9] unlike Harry S. Truman and outgoing President Johnson, to gain ballot access on a fusion of the "Alabama Independent Democrat" and National Democratic lines.[10] 78% of white voters supported Wallace, 16% supported Nixon, and 4% supported Humphrey.[11][12][13]

Predictions edit

SourceRatingAs ofNote
Lebanon Daily News[14]Safe I (Flip)September 17, 1968[b]
Daily Press[15]Certain I (Flip)October 11, 1968
The Charlotte News[16]Certain I (Flip)October 12, 1968
The Record[17]Likely I (Flip)October 21, 1968
Shreveport Times[18]Safe I (Flip)November 3, 1968
The Selma Times-Journal[19]Safe I (Flip)November 3, 1968

Results edit

1968 United States presidential election in Alabama[10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
DemocraticGeorge Wallace 691,425 65.86% +65.86%
National Democratic (Ala.)Hubert Humphrey196,59718.72%+18.72%
RepublicanRichard Nixon146,92313.99%-55.51%
American IndependentNo Candidate10,9601.04%+1.04%
ProhibitionE. Harold Munn4,0020.38%+0.38%
Write-in80.00%+0.00%
Total votes1,049,915 100.00%

Results by presidential elector edit

General election results[20]
PartyPledged toElectorVotes
Democratic PartyGeorge WallaceAlbert Brewer691,425
Democratic PartyGeorge WallaceMacDonald Gallion691,318
Democratic PartyGeorge WallaceJim Allen689,262
Democratic PartyGeorge WallaceArmistead Selden689,009
Democratic PartyGeorge WallaceAgnes Baggett687,876
Democratic PartyGeorge WallaceFrank Mizell687,699
Democratic PartyGeorge WallaceEarl Morgan687,664
Democratic PartyGeorge WallaceRichard "Dick" Beard686,685
Democratic PartyGeorge WallaceMabel S. Amos686,667
Democratic PartyGeorge WallaceErnest Stone685,499
Republican PartyRichard NixonWilliam H. Graham146,923
Republican PartyRichard NixonPaul Lowery146,876
Republican PartyRichard NixonJames C. Van Antwerp, Jr.146,717
Republican PartyRichard NixonGeorge Howard Young146,628
Republican PartyRichard NixonHuit Sullivan146,613
Republican PartyRichard NixonM. J. Lyons, Jr.146,591
Republican PartyRichard NixonLee Clyde Traylor146,368
Republican PartyRichard NixonRobert H. Maxwell146,311
Republican PartyRichard NixonJ. Smith Lanier, II145,970
Republican PartyRichard NixonRobert D. Wilkinson, Jr.145,694
Alabama Independent Democratic PartyHubert HumphreyDot Little142,435
Alabama Independent Democratic PartyHubert HumphreyBen F. Ray142,218
Alabama Independent Democratic PartyHubert HumphreyLafayette Patterson141,199
Alabama Independent Democratic PartyHubert HumphreyRoy D. McCord141,124
Alabama Independent Democratic PartyHubert HumphreyCharles A. Bentley, Jr.140,728
Alabama Independent Democratic PartyHubert HumphreyIsom Clemon140,387
Alabama Independent Democratic PartyHubert HumphreyColeman A. Lollar, Jr.140,386
Alabama Independent Democratic PartyHubert HumphreyJ. E. Brantley140,342
Alabama Independent Democratic PartyHubert HumphreyJames McArthur Reed140,218
Alabama Independent Democratic PartyHubert HumphreyJoe L. Reed140,093
National Democratic Party of AlabamaHubert HumphreyWilliam McKinley Branch54,144
National Democratic Party of AlabamaHubert HumphreyE. D. Bouier53,700
National Democratic Party of AlabamaHubert HumphreyRobert Schwenn53,666
National Democratic Party of AlabamaHubert HumphreyJ. H. Davis53,622
National Democratic Party of AlabamaHubert HumphreyR. E. Cordray53,264
National Democratic Party of AlabamaHubert HumphreyBilly Joe Robinson53,226
National Democratic Party of AlabamaHubert HumphreyJack Drake53,068
National Democratic Party of AlabamaHubert HumphreyVirginia Durr53,015
National Democratic Party of AlabamaHubert HumphreyGeorge DeBoer52,909
National Democratic Party of AlabamaHubert HumphreyJames Williams52,464
American Independent PartyGeorge WallaceSteve E. Nation10,960
American Independent PartyGeorge WallaceAaron C. Edwards10,518
American Independent PartyGeorge WallaceRonald L. Pankey10,437
American Independent PartyGeorge WallaceBernice H. Morrison10,365
Prohibition PartyE. Harold MunnD. N. Stephenson4,022
Prohibition PartyE. Harold MunnPhoebe Cary Shoemaker3,814
Prohibition PartyE. Harold MunnJ. E. Dillard3,770
Prohibition PartyE. Harold MunnOgburn A. Gardner3,661
Prohibition PartyE. Harold MunnBertha Wallis Lee3,638
Prohibition PartyE. Harold MunnBeulah K. Gray3,615
Prohibition PartyE. Harold MunnJerome B. Couch3,589
Prohibition PartyE. Harold MunnFred M. Burns3,578
Prohibition PartyE. Harold MunnLois Goodwin3,523
Prohibition PartyE. Harold MunnDaisy Williams3,420
Total votes1,049,909

Results by county edit

CountyGeorge Wallace
American Independent		Hubert Humphrey
Democratic		Richard Nixon
Republican		Various candidates
Other parties		MarginTotal votes cast
#%#%#%#%#%
Autauga5,52371.03%1,55319.97%6067.79%941.21%3,97051.06%7,776
Baldwin14,16776.98%1,8219.89%2,15411.70%2621.42%12,013[c]65.28%18,404
Barbour5,49169.10%1,89823.89%3864.86%1712.15%3,59345.21%7,946
Bibb3,74680.16%65213.95%2635.63%120.26%3,09466.21%4,673
Blount6,53671.93%3313.64%2,01322.15%2062.27%4,523[c]49.78%9,086
Bullock2,16149.71%1,96445.18%1904.37%320.74%1974.53%4,347
Butler5,60176.09%1,24016.85%5006.79%200.27%4,36159.24%7,361
Calhoun19,21171.75%4,14615.48%3,06111.43%3571.33%15,06556.27%26,775
Chambers7,88574.14%1,35812.77%1,08210.17%3112.92%6,52761.37%10,636
Cherokee4,77383.96%4628.13%3436.03%1071.88%4,31175.83%5,685
Chilton6,61174.26%5666.36%1,60218.00%1231.38%5,009[c]56.26%8,902
Choctaw4,25069.75%1,64126.93%1762.89%260.43%2,60942.82%6,093
Clarke6,16871.50%1,71719.90%4885.66%2532.93%4,45151.60%8,626
Clay4,04880.25%2565.08%70614.00%340.67%3,342[c]66.25%5,044
Cleburne3,31482.95%1604.01%48512.14%360.90%2,829[c]70.81%3,995
Coffee8,88582.53%1,0719.95%6826.33%1281.19%7,81472.58%10,766
Colbert11,34172.60%2,29114.67%1,72711.06%2621.68%9,05057.93%15,621
Conecuh3,82871.60%1,15121.53%1863.48%1813.39%2,67750.07%5,346
Coosa2,83074.26%62316.35%3308.66%280.73%2,20757.91%3,811
Covington11,41986.98%7916.03%8316.33%870.66%10,588[c]80.65%13,128
Crenshaw4,51382.35%72613.25%2093.81%320.58%3,78769.10%5,480
Cullman11,06364.08%1,1156.46%4,96428.75%1230.71%6,099[c]35.33%17,265
Dale8,10983.55%8628.88%6076.25%1271.31%7,24774.67%9,705
Dallas8,79852.89%6,51639.17%1,2467.49%760.46%2,28213.72%16,636
DeKalb8,14454.81%1,2748.57%5,31435.76%1270.85%2,830[c]19.05%14,859
Elmore9,03876.52%1,74514.77%8016.78%2281.93%7,29361.75%11,812
Escambia8,47478.72%1,49213.86%6806.32%1191.11%6,98264.86%10,765
Etowah21,41668.67%4,61314.79%4,35113.95%8062.58%16,80353.88%31,186
Fayette4,68375.07%67610.84%82713.26%520.83%3,856[c]61.81%6,238
Franklin5,90964.96%5886.46%2,52427.75%750.82%3,385[c]37.21%9,096
Geneva7,87191.73%3804.43%2843.31%460.54%7,49187.30%8,581
Greene1,55539.18%2,22956.16%1804.54%50.13%-674-16.98%3,969
Hale2,93455.78%2,00338.08%2665.06%571.08%93117.70%5,260
Henry4,23379.99%95518.05%841.59%200.38%3,27861.94%5,292
Houston13,87283.89%1,4889.00%9745.89%2021.22%12,38474.89%16,536
Jackson8,50477.96%1,0229.37%1,19110.92%1911.75%7,313[c]67.04%10,908
Jefferson106,23351.81%55,84527.24%39,75219.39%3,2031.56%50,38824.57%205,033
Lamar5,22988.25%3025.10%3646.14%300.51%4,865[c]82.11%5,925
Lauderdale13,46771.32%2,16611.47%2,95215.63%2981.58%10,515[c]55.69%18,883
Lawrence6,25383.05%6508.63%5807.70%460.61%5,60374.42%7,529
Lee7,72158.78%2,80321.34%2,36618.01%2461.87%4,91837.44%13,136
Limestone8,43081.25%8898.57%8708.39%1861.79%7,54172.68%10,375
Lowndes1,82255.84%1,12734.54%2347.17%802.45%69521.30%3,263
Macon1,61925.37%4,45069.74%2574.03%550.86%-2,831-44.37%6,381
Madison29,82357.40%8,00415.41%13,21325.43%9131.76%16,610[c]31.97%51,953
Marengo5,18556.64%3,47938.01%4574.99%330.36%1,70618.63%9,154
Marion6,41576.34%3654.34%1,49217.76%1311.56%4,923[c]58.58%8,403
Marshall12,74276.39%9555.73%2,72516.34%2581.55%10,017[c]60.05%16,680
Mobile61,67367.08%18,61520.25%10,50911.43%1,1391.24%43,05846.83%91,936
Monroe5,21771.23%1,67322.84%3755.12%590.81%3,54448.39%7,324
Montgomery27,20258.47%12,08825.98%6,74614.50%4891.05%15,11432.49%46,525
Morgan16,84175.60%1,8788.43%3,04313.66%5152.31%13,798[c]61.94%22,277
Perry2,76849.85%2,45744.25%3085.55%200.36%3115.60%5,553
Pickens4,54971.89%1,43422.66%3215.07%240.38%3,11549.23%6,328
Pike6,03872.39%1,56518.76%6587.89%800.96%4,47353.63%8,341
Randolph5,10375.00%6669.79%83912.33%1962.88%4,264[c]62.67%6,804
Russell7,58467.44%2,70724.07%7046.26%2502.22%4,87743.37%11,245
St. Clair7,05072.70%8698.96%1,63516.86%1431.47%5,415[c]55.84%9,697
Shelby7,73671.83%1,10510.26%1,70615.84%2232.07%6,030[c]55.99%10,770
Sumter2,15844.89%2,33648.60%3036.30%100.21%-178-3.71%4,807
Talladega13,50572.00%3,09916.52%1,93510.32%2171.16%10,40655.48%18,756
Tallapoosa9,04376.50%1,33111.26%1,20510.19%2422.05%7,71265.24%11,821
Tuscaloosa18,61165.60%5,55619.58%3,82213.47%3821.35%13,05546.02%28,371
Walker14,41674.37%1,97110.17%2,62813.56%3701.91%11,788[c]60.81%19,385
Washington4,54579.98%90215.87%2003.52%360.63%3,64364.11%5,683
Wilcox2,51156.62%1,65837.38%2375.34%290.65%85319.24%4,435
Winston3,03254.86%2584.67%2,17439.33%631.14%858[c]15.53%5,527
Totals691,42565.86%196,57918.72%146,92313.99%14,9901.42%494,84647.14%1,049,917

Counties that flipped from Republican to American Independent edit

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic edit

Counties that flipped from Unpledged to Democratic edit

Counties that flipped from Unpledged to American Independent edit

Analysis edit

Wallace won his home state in a landslide, receiving 65.86 percent of the vote to Democrat Hubert Humphrey's 18.72 percent, a 47.13-point margin. Republican Richard Nixon, while winning the election nationally, finished a distant third in Alabama with only 13.99 percent, gaining significant support only in a few northern counties with historical Unionist sympathies and higher-income urban areas.[21] Wallace's 65.86 percent of the popular vote would make Alabama not only his best-performing state in the 1968 election, but the strongest-performing state out of any candidate, with only Humphrey's performance in Washington D.C. being stronger.[22]

Wallace won 64 of the state's 67 counties. As African-Americans in the South were slowly gaining the right to vote as a result of federal civil rights legislation passed in 1964 and 1965, Wallace's weakest region was the Black Belt, where he won most counties with narrow majorities or pluralities.[23]

As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Mobile County, Shelby County, Baldwin County, Lee County, and Houston County were not carried by the Republican candidate,[24] the last election in which the Republican candidate won the election without Alabama, and the last election in which Wilcox County, Lowndes County, and Bullock County were not carried by the national Democratic candidate.[24]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Although he was born in California and he served as a U.S. Senator from California, in 1968 Richard Nixon's official state of residence was New York, because he moved there to practice law after his defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial election. During his first term as president, Nixon re-established his residency in California. Consequently, most reliable reference books list Nixon's home state as New York in the 1968 election and his home state as California in the 1972 (and 1960) election.
  2. ^ “I” refers to Wallace's national status as the candidate of the American Independent Party, although the Alabama Democratic Party had him listed on the state ballot as the “Democratic” candidate
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v In this county where Nixon rather than Humphrey ran second behind Wallace, margin given is Wallace vote minus Nixon vote and percentage margin Wallace percentage minus Nixon percentage.

References edit

  1. ^ Bullock, Charles S.; Gaddie, Ronald Keith. The Triumph of Voting Rights in the South. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0806185309.
  2. ^ Bullock, Charles S.; Gaddie, Ronald Keith. The Triumph of Voting Rights in the South. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0806185309..
  3. ^ a b Walton, Hanes (1972). Black Political Parties: An Historical and Political Analysis. New York Free Press. p. 149.
  4. ^ McDannald, Alexander Hopkins (1965). Yearbook of the Encyclopedia Americana (Report). p. 63.
  5. ^ Cleghorn, Reece (August 13, 1964). "Who Speaks for Mississippi". The Reporter. pp. 31–33.
  6. ^ Grimes, Roy (October 11, 1964). "Look Away, Look Away…". The Victoria Advocate. p. 4A.
  7. ^ Bennett, James (January 1, 1968). "State Politics Will Heat Up". Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 2.
  8. ^ "Alabama in Bewildering Political State". The Columbus Ledger. Columbus, Georgia. May 11, 1968. p. A-2.
  9. ^ Bennett, James (August 26, 1968). "Most State Delegates To Sign Loyalty Oath". Birmingham Post-Herald. pp. 1, 2.
  10. ^ a b "1968 Presidential General Election Results — Alabama". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  11. ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 147.
  12. ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 295.
  13. ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 335.
  14. ^ "Politics…in County, State and Nation". Lebanon Daily News. Lebanon, Pennsylvania. September 17, 1968. p. 4.
  15. ^ Murray, David. "Wallace Might Take 6 Southern States". Daily Press. Newport News, Virginia. p. 51.
  16. ^ "In South It's Nixon vs. Wallace". The Charlotte News. Charlotte, North Carolina. October 12, 1968. pp. 1, 3.
  17. ^ "Nixon Leads in 26 States: Wallace Will Run Strong: AP". The Record. Hackensack, New Jersey. Associated Press. October 21, 1968. p. 3.
  18. ^ Broder, David S. (November 3, 1968). "After Hoopla Finished, Nixon Still Winning, Survey Shows". Shreveport Times. p. 4-B.
  19. ^ "Summary of 50 States on Coming Election". The Selma Times-Journal. Selma, Alabama. November 3, 1968. p. 5.
  20. ^ Alabama Official and Statistical Register, 1971. 1971. pp. 396–410.
  21. ^ Phillips, Kevin P. The Emerging Republican Majority. p. 227. ISBN 9780691163246..
  22. ^ "1968 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  23. ^ Phillips. The Emerging Republican Majority; p. 258
  24. ^ a b Menendez, Albert J. The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004. pp. 146–147. ISBN 0786422173..

Works cited edit

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