Ā (Indic)

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The "Ā" modifier could be used to indicate a consonant's base value, although the unmodified consonant had this value as well. The independent vowel letter आ was not used to indicate any numeric value in the Aryabhata system.^[1]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Aa as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ā has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ā are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

Brahmi Ā edit

The Brahmi letter Ā , is probably derived from the Aramaic Alef , and is thus related to the modern Latin A and Greek Alpha.^[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Aa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.^[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ā historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

Tocharian Ā edit

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi . Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian consonants with Ā vowel marks

Kaa	Khaa	Gaa	Ghaa	Caa	Chaa	Jaa	Jhaa	Nyaa	Ṭaa	Ṭhaa	Ḍaa	Ḍhaa	Ṇaa
Taa	Thaa	Daa	Dhaa	Naa	Paa	Phaa	Baa	Bhaa	Maa	Yaa	Raa	Laa	Vaa
Śaa	Ṣaa	Saa	Haa

Kharoṣṭhī Ā edit

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ā is indicated with the vowel length mark . As an independent vowel, Ā is indicated by adding this vowel mark to the independent vowel letter A .

Devanagari independent Ā and Ā vowel sign.

Ā (आ) is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter આ, and the Modi letter 𑘁.

Devanagari Using Languages edit

The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, आ is pronounced as [ā]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

Bengali independent Ā and Ā vowel sign.

Ā (আ) is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, आ.

Bengali Script Using Languages edit

The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, আ is pronounced as [ā]. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.

Gujarati independent Ā and Ā vowel sign.

Ā (આ) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ā , and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

Gujarati-using Languages edit

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, આ is pronounced as [ā]. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign Ā.

Ā (ఆ) is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಆ. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.

Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Ā.

Ā (ആ) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter aa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.

Ā (ଆ) is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter aa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.

Kaithi independent vowel and vowel sign Ā.

Ā (𑂄) is a vowel of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter aa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Kaithi usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Kaithi.

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ā, are related as well.

Comparison of Ā in different scripts

Aramaic Kharoṣṭhī 𐨌 Ashoka Brahmi Kushana Brahmi[a] Tocharian[b] Gupta Brahmi Pallava Kadamba - Bhaiksuki 𑰁 Siddhaṃ Grantha 𑌆 Cham ꨩ Sinhala ආ Pyu / Old Mon[c] - Tibetan ཨཱ Newa 𑐁 Ahom 𑜡 Malayalam ആ Telugu ఆ Burmese အာ / ာ, ါ Lepcha ᰦ Ranjana Saurashtra ꢃ Dives Akuru 𑤁 Kannada ಆ Kayah Li - Limbu - Soyombo[d] - Khmer អា / ា Tamil Chakma 𑄃 Tai Tham ᩋᩣ / ᩣ, ᩤ Meitei Mayek ꯥ Gaudi - Thai า Lao າ Tai Le - Marchen 𑲰 Tirhuta 𑒂 New Tai Lue ᦱ Tai Viet ꪱ Aksara Kawi - 'Phags-pa - Odia ଆ Sharada 𑆄 Rejang - Batak - Buginese - Zanabazar Square - Bengali-Assamese Takri 𑚁 Javanese ꦴ Balinese ᬆ Makasar - Hangul[e] - Northern Nagari - Dogri 𑠁 Laṇḍā - Sundanese - Baybayin - Modi 𑘁 Gujarati આ Khojki 𑈁 Khudabadi 𑊱 Mahajani - Tagbanwa - Devanagari Nandinagari 𑦡 Kaithi Gurmukhi ਆ Multani - Buhid - Canadian Syllabics[f] - Soyombo[g] - Sylheti Nagari - Gunjala Gondi 𑵡 Masaram Gondi[h] 𑴁 Hanuno'o - Notes ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table) ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above) ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ā in those scripts can usually be represented in plain text with a single codepoint. However, if the letter A is used as a consonant or a vowel support, the letter Ā is usually encoded as letter A plus vowel sign Ā. Ā from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information

Preview							ఆ		ଆ		ಆ		ആ		આ		ਆ
Unicode name	DEVANAGARI LETTER AA		BENGALI LETTER AA		TAMIL LETTER AA		TELUGU LETTER AA		ORIYA LETTER AA		KANNADA LETTER AA		MALAYALAM LETTER AA		GUJARATI LETTER AA		GURMUKHI LETTER AA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	2310	U+0906	2438	U+0986	2950	U+0B86	3078	U+0C06	2822	U+0B06	3206	U+0C86	3334	U+0D06	2694	U+0A86	2566	U+0A06
UTF-8	224 164 134	E0 A4 86	224 166 134	E0 A6 86	224 174 134	E0 AE 86	224 176 134	E0 B0 86	224 172 134	E0 AC 86	224 178 134	E0 B2 86	224 180 134	E0 B4 86	224 170 134	E0 AA 86	224 168 134	E0 A8 86
Numeric character reference	आ	आ	আ	আ	ஆ	ஆ	ఆ	ఆ	ଆ	ଆ	ಆ	ಆ	ആ	ആ	આ	આ	ਆ	ਆ
ISCII	165	A5	165	A5	165	A5	165	A5	165	A5	165	A5	165	A5	165	A5	165	A5

Character information

Preview	Ashoka Kushana Gupta		𐨌				𑌆
Unicode name	BRAHMI LETTER AA		KHAROSHTHI VOWEL LENGTH MARK		SIDDHAM LETTER AA		GRANTHA LETTER AA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	69638	U+11006	68108	U+10A0C	71041	U+11581	70406	U+11306
UTF-8	240 145 128 134	F0 91 80 86	240 144 168 140	F0 90 A8 8C	240 145 150 129	F0 91 96 81	240 145 140 134	F0 91 8C 86
UTF-16	55300 56326	D804 DC06	55298 56844	D802 DE0C	55301 56705	D805 DD81	55300 57094	D804 DF06
Numeric character reference	𑀆	𑀆	𐨌	𐨌	𑖁	𑖁	𑌆	𑌆

• See further below for Burmese and Tai Tham codepoints.

• See further below for Khmer codepoints.

Character information

Preview	𑘁		𑦡		𑵡
Unicode name	MODI LETTER AA		NANDINAGARI LETTER AA		GUNJALA GONDI LETTER AA		KAITHI LETTER AA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	71169	U+11601	72097	U+119A1	73057	U+11D61	69764	U+11084
UTF-8	240 145 152 129	F0 91 98 81	240 145 166 161	F0 91 A6 A1	240 145 181 161	F0 91 B5 A1	240 145 130 132	F0 91 82 84
UTF-16	55301 56833	D805 DE01	55302 56737	D806 DDA1	55303 56673	D807 DD61	55300 56452	D804 DC84
Numeric character reference	𑘁	𑘁	𑦡	𑦡	𑵡	𑵡	𑂄	𑂄