Usuari:Тутовий/Independentisme i regionalisme a Rússia
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Els moviments independentistes, nacionalistes i regionalistes a Rússia són els corrents que cerquen una major autonomia o la independència de diverses ètnies i regions de Rússia.[1][2]
This table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.
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Rússia asiàtica
modificaResum
modificaThis table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.
Asian Russia
modifica
Siberia or Siberian Federal District[3][4]
- Ethnic group: ru
- Proposed state:
Siberian Republic - Advocacy movements: Siberskoye Zemlyachestvo (Autonomy Movement), Sibir, Free Siberia, Democratic Siberia
- Movement: Siberian regionalism
- Political parties: Monstration for Siberian Federalization, All-Siberian Democratic Union, Siberian Republican Alliance, Roar of the Taiga (Zov Taugi)
- Organizations: Siberian Agreement, Siberian Regional Organization (Siberskoye Zemlyachestvo)
- Militant organization: Siberian Liberation Army
- Proposed state:
Far Eastern Federal District
modificaPlantilla:Country data Chukotka
- Ethnic group: Chukchis
- Proposed state:
Chukchi Republic[5]- Advocacy group: Chukchi National Revival Movement
- Political party: Chukchi National Republican Party
- Militant organization: Chukot Front
- Proposed state:
Plantilla:Country data Koryakia
- Ethnic group: Koryaks
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Koryakia
- Ethnic groups: Russians, Udeges, Nanais and other various ethnic groups
- Proposed state:
- Socialist:
Far Eastern Republic - Federalist/Democratic:
Far Eastern Republic
- Socialist:
- Proposed entity: Far Eastern Republic, including all territories from the Far Eastern Republic and/or modern-day federal subjects associated within the former lands of the aforementioned Far Eastern Republic (Note: This includes the modern-day federal subjects such as: Primorsky Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Amur Oblast, Zabaykalsky Krai and Buryatia, sometimes federal subjects such as: Magadan Oblast, Kamchatka Krai and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Green Ukraine are included based on maximum extent from 1920. It may rarely or sometimes include all federal subjects in Far Eastern economic region and/or Far Eastern Federal District.)
- Advocacy movements: Far East Forum, Zemyak, Regional Association of the Far East
- Movements: Republican Movement, Far East Independence Movement
- Political party: Alliance of the Pacific Peoples
- Militant organization: Far Eastern People's Front
- Proposed state:
Plantilla:Country data Sakha Republic
- Ethnic group: Yakuts
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Sakha Republic
- Political party: Sakha-Amuk
Plantilla:Country data Buryatia[6]
- Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Buryatia
- Political party:All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture
Plantilla:Country data Jewish Autonomous Oblast
- Ethnic group: Ashkenazi Jews
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Jewish Autonomous Oblast
- Ethnic group: Nanai
- Proposed state:
Nanaia- Advocacy group: Nanai Cultural Assembly
- Political party: Nanai People's Platform
- Proposed state:
Siberian Federal District
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Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District[7][8]
- Ethnic groups: Dolgans, Nenets, Russians
- Proposed federal subject: Plantilla:Country data Taymyr Autonomous Okrug
Plantilla:Country data Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug
- Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug or unification with Plantilla:Country data Buryatia
Plantilla:Country data Altai Republic
- Ethnic group: Altai people
- Proposed state:
Confederated Republic of Altai - Movement: Altai-Sayun United Movement
- Organizations: Altai Turks Associstion, Kurualtai of the Altai People
- Political parties: Confederal Nation of the Altai Tribes, Ene-Bayat
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Evenks
- Proposed state:
Evenkia[9]- Advocacy group: Evenki Homeland
- Militant organization: Evenki National Front
- Organization: Evenki Cultural Council
- Proposed state:
Plantilla:Country data Khakassia
- Ethnic group: Khakas
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Khakassia
- Advocacy group: Khakas Cultural Centre
- Pressure group: Chas Khanat, Khaidzhi
- Organization: Abakan Tun Association of The Khakas, Congress of The Khakas People, Khakas Council of Elders
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Khakassia
- Ethnic group: Tuvans
- Proposed state:
Tuva- Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free Tuva", Tiva Turu
Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug
- Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed state:
Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug or unification with Plantilla:Country data Buryatia
Ural Federal District
modificaPlantilla:Country data Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug [10][11][12]
- Ethnic group: Khanty people and Mansi people
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
- Advocacy movements: Association to Save Yurga, Khanty Way, Mansi Way, Ob-Ugrian Union, Society for the Survival and Socio-Economic Development of the Mansi People, Ugrian Association, Youth Public Organization, Yurga Restoration
Yamalia/Nenets Autonomous Okrug
- Ethnic group: Nenets
- Proposed state:
Yamalia/East Nenetsia - Advocacy group: Yamal for Future Generations (Association of the Indigenous People of Yamal-Nenets Autonomus Region)
- Proposed state:
European Russia
modificaSummary
modificaThis table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.
Ural Federal District
modifica
- People: Russians
- Proposed state:
Ural Republic- Advocacy groups: Ural Democratic Foundation, Free Ural
- Proposed state:
Volga Federal District
modifica
- People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Tatars, Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Idel-Ural Republic- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural.
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Maris
- Proposed state:
Mari El- Advocacy group: Mari Ushem
- Proposed state:
Plantilla:Country data Mordovia
- Ethnic group: Mordvins
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Mordovia[18]
- Advocacy groups: Democracy and Independence Mordvin Front, Moksha Self-Determination Front
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Mordovia[18]
- People: Tatars
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Advocacy groups: The Union of Tatar Youth, Tatar Patriotic Front Altyn Urda, Tatar Social Center
- Government in exile: Tatar Government in Exile
- Organization: Ittifaq Party
- Proposed state:
Tatarstan
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
Plantilla:Country data Udmurtia[22]
- People: Udmurts
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Udmurtia
- Movement: Congress of the Peoples of Udmurtia
- Advocacy groups:Udmurt Kenesh, Udmurt National Centre, Udmurt National Progress, Odmort
- Political parties: Udmurt Republican National Party, Udmurt National Progress
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Udmurtia
- People: Bashkir
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort Public Organization, Bashkir Human Rights Movement, Council of Aksakals of Bashkortostan, Bashkir Social Movement
- Political party: The Heavenly Wolf
- Proposed state:
Bashkortostan
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort Public Organization, Bashkir Human Rights Movement, Council of Aksakals of Bashkortostan, Bashkir Social Movement
- People: Chuvash
- Proposed state:
Chuvashia- Movements: Chuvash National Movement, Chuvash Republican Youth
- Organization: Chuvash Ireklekh Society of National-Cultural Rebirth
- Proposed state:
Northwestern Federal District
modifica
- Ethnic group: Nenets
- Proposed state:
West Nenetsia- Movements: Nenet National Movement, Hasava United Movement
- Advocacy groups: Yasavei, National Association of Nenets
- Proposed state:
Plantilla:Country data Komi Republic[24]
- People: Komi
- Proposed state:
Komi Republic- Political organizations: Komi Republican Organization
- Advocacy movements: Komi Voityr, Finno-Ugric Peoples Consultative Committee
- Organization: Komi People's Congress
- Proposed state:
- People: Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Ingria
- Advocacy movement: Free Ingria
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Ingria
- People: Komi and Komi-Permyaks
- Proposed federal subject:
Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug
- Proposed federal subject:
- People: Karelian
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Karelia or unification with
Finland
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Karelia or unification with
- People: Russian
- Proposed state:
Kaliningrad[28] - Proposed autonomous area: Kaliningrad
- Proposed state:
Southern Federal District
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- People: Kuban Cossacks
- Advocacy movements: Community of the Don-Kuban-Terek Citizens, Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host, Kuban Cossacks of the Kuban Host Autonomy Movement, Kuban Cossack Youth, New Kuban Cossack Association, Southern Regional Resource Center, Union of Cossack Republics of Southern Russia
- Militant organization: Kuban Cossack Army
- Political parties: Free Cossack Movement, Lapin, Movement for the Federalizations of Kuban, Union of the Cossack Hosts of Russia, Union of the Cossack Hosts of Russia and Abroad, Committee for the Liberation of the Kuban
- Political organizations: Cossack Congress, Cossacks of the Kuban Rada
- Proposed state:
Kuban People's Republic (proclaimed in 1918), Kuban Republic (attempted to proclaim in 1991 as part of Union of Cossack Republics in Southern Russia in Union of Sovereign States that never founded both) Currently asking for federalisation (Now consist of Krasnodar Krai and accommodates the republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, and parts of Stavropol Krai).
- Advocacy movements: Community of the Don-Kuban-Terek Citizens, Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host, Kuban Cossacks of the Kuban Host Autonomy Movement, Kuban Cossack Youth, New Kuban Cossack Association, Southern Regional Resource Center, Union of Cossack Republics of Southern Russia
- People: Don Cossacks
- Proposed state:
Don Republic / Rostov Oblast
- Proposed state:
- People: Kalmyk people
- Proposed state:
Kalmykia
- Proposed state:
North Caucasian Federal District
modifica.jpg)
- People: Chechens
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile)[35][36][37][38]
- People: Abazins
- Advocacy groups: Abaza Adkilra, Abaza Yurdu, Abzanhara, Unity (Adgylara)
- Organization: World Congress of Abkhaz-Abazin People
- Proposed state:
Abazinia - Proposed entity: Abazinia, including all ethnic Abazin parts and/or districts of Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Krai and Kabardino-Balkaria or solely the rural locality of Psyzh
- People: Circassians
- Movement: Circassian nationalism; Circassian Congress; Circassian Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi; Adyghe Khase; International Circassian Association (member of UNPO)
- Proposed entity: Circassia, including all regions historically included in Circassia and/or inhabited by Circassians (note: this includes Adygea as well as north Kabardino-Balkaria, north Karachay–Cherkessia, south-east Krasnodar Krai, and south Stavropol Krai)
- People: Aghuls
- Advocacy groups: Agul Gelinbatan, Arhaval
- Proposed state:
Aghulistan[42] - Proposed entity: Aghulistan, including all ethnic Aghul parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Aghulistan coverage area: Aghulsky
- People: Avars
- Advocacy groups: High-landers (Maarulal)
- Political party: Avar National Union-Iman Shamil
- Proposed state:
- Republican:
Avar Republic - Monarchist:
Avar Khanate
- Republican:
- Proposed entity: Avaria, including all ethnic Avar parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Avaria coverage area : Kazbekov, Gergebil, Shamil, Akhvakh, Kunzakh, Gunib, Charodin, Tlyaratin, Tsuntin, Tsumadin, Gumbetov, Untsukulsky, Kizilyurt, Botlikh, Khasavyurt, Bezhtin, Tarumov, Kizlyar
- Advocacy groups: High-landers (Maarulal)
- People: Dargins
- Proposed state:Darginstan[44][45]
- Advocacy group: Free Society of Dargo
- Proposed entity:
Darginstan, including all ethnic Dargin parts and/or districts of Dagestan - Darginstan coverage area: Dakhadayev, Sergokalin, Kaytag, Akushin, Levashin
- Proposed state:Darginstan[44][45]
Plantilla:Country data Ingushetia
- People: Ingush
- Advocacy groups: Zaschita
- Militant organizations: Ingush Self Defense Force, Ingush National Front
- Political party: Ingush People Council
- Proposed state: Plantilla:Country data Ingushetia[46]
- People: Balkars, Karachays
- Movement: Various nationalist organisations in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia
- Goals: Autonomy for the
Karachay and 
Balkaria, rather than in biethnic republics where they must share power with Russians and Circassians (division of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia into smaller units, also popular for Circassian nationalists). Then, the unification of Karachay and Balkar units is advocated by some but not all nationalists (see Balkar and Karachai nationalism) - Proposed autonomous republic: Karachay-Balkar Republic (includes south Kabardino-Balkaria and south Karachey-Cherkessia)
- People: Kumyks
- Proposed state:
Kumykia - Proposed entity: Kumykia, including all ethnic Kumyk parts and/or districts of Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia.
- Kumykia coverage area: Babayurt, Kumtorkalin, Buynak,Karabudakhkent, Kayakent, Makhachkala
- Proposed state:
- People: Laks
- Proposed state:
Lakia[47] - Proposed entity: Lakia, including all ethnic Lak parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Movements: Kazi Kumuk, Lakistan, Lak Language Group, Lak National Movement (New Star/Tsu Barz), Lakral Sharhurdu, New Lak Popular Movement (Novo-Lak), Tariqat (Movement)/Tariqat, Tsudahar
- Political organizations: Lak National Council
- Lakistan coverage area: Kulin, Laksky, New Lakia
- Proposed state:
Fitxer:Flag of the Lezgi people.svg Lezgistan
- People: Lezgins
- Proposed state: Fitxer:Flag of the Lezgi people.svg Lezgistan[48]
- Proposed entity: Lezgistan, including all ethnic Lezgin parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Movement: Lezgin nationalism, Lezgin Movement of Caucasian Albania
- Advocacy movement: Lezgin National Center
- Political party: Lezgin Patriotic Union
- Organization: Federal Lezgin National Cultural Autonomy (member of UNPO)
- Lezgistan coverage area: Suleiman-Stal, Magaramkent, Kurakh, Dokuzparin, Akhtyn, Derbent
- People: Nogais
- Proposed state:
Nogaia[49] - Proposed entity: Nogaia, including all ethnic Nogai parts and/or districts of Dagestan, Chechnya and Astrakhan Oblast
- Movement: Association of Nogais of Dagestan
- Political party: Birlik
- Organization: Assembly of Turkic Peoples
- Nogaia coverage area: Eastern Nogaia, Western Nogaia
- Proposed state:
- People: Rutuls
- People: Tabasaran
- Proposed state:
Tabasaranstan[52]- Movement: Tabasaran National Movement
- Militant organization: Tabasaran Republican Front
- Proposed entity: Tabasaranstan, including all ethnic Tabasaran parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Tabasaranstan coverage area: Khiv, Tabasaransky
- Proposed state:
Maps
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Мапа Росії без республік та неліквідованих національних округів
Проголошення республік у 1990-х роках у Росії
Національні автономії та розселення національних меншин в Росії
Informació general
modificaEntre els 84 subjectes federals de Rússia, hi ha 21 repúbliques nacionals i 4 districtes autònoms, cadascun amb el seu propi moviment nacional, per exemple Mari Ushem a Marí El. Aquests nacionalismes han estat especialment actius els anys 1917-1923, després de la Revolució Russa, quan es van establir diversos estats nacionals independents, i els anys 1990-1992, després del col·lapse de la Unió Soviètica, quan les diverses repúbliques de Rússia van proclamar la seva sobirania. Foren meres proclamacions i prou: moltes repúbliques no van fer cap pas més cap a una independència real i efectiva, però les referències a la sobirania de les repúbliques de Rússia van quedar escrites a les seves respectives constitucions fins a finals dels anys 2000.
La prohibició de diversos partits regionals s'ha anat produint a la legislació russa des dels primers anys 2000.[53] Un comunicat emès el març del 2015 per 7 presos polítics dels moviments nacionalistes de Rússia, no inclou els fonamentalistes islàmics, regionalistes, i activistes ucraïnesos i tàrtars empresonats a Crimea.[54] Amnistia Internacional emeté sengles crides per l'alliberament dels activistes Ruslan Kutàiev, txetxè, Rafis Kaixapov, tàtar, і Dària Poliudova, activista del regionalisme de Kuban.[55][56][57]
Llista dels moviments principals
modifica- El nacionalisme tàtar és el moviment que cerca la independència per a Tatarstan.
El nacionalisme circassià exigeix el reconeixement de la neteja ètnica dels circassians durant la guerra del Caucas com genocidi, el dret de repatriació de la diàspora circassiana, i el restabliment de Circàssia independent.[58]
El nacionalisme txetxè va donar lloc a la creació de la República Txetxena d'Itxkèria amb reconeixement limitat a la dècada de 1990. Després de la segona guerra de Txetxènia es limita a les organitzacions d'emigrants.
El fonamentalisme islàmic del Caucas va proposar la creació de l'estat de l'Emirat del Caucas i continua la guerra de guerrilles al nord del Caucas.- El nacionalisme cosac és un moviment pel reconeixement de l'ètnia cosaca i l'establiment de la república de Cosàquia o les repúbliques de Don i Kuban.[59][60][61][62] Actualment els cosacs són considerats oficialment un subgrup ètnic dels russos.
- El regionalisme siberià és un moviment polític i social que proposa el reconeixement de Sibèria com a nació.[63][64][65]
Vegeu també
modificaEnllaços externs
modificaBibliografia
modifica- Gammer, M. (ed.) (2008). Ethno-nationalism, Islam and the state in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London: Routledge.
- George, J. A. (2009). The politics of ethnic separatism in Russia and Georgia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Giuliano, E. (2011). Constructing grievance: Ethnic nationalism in Russia's republics. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
- Gorenburg, D. P. (2003). Minority ethnic mobilization in the Russian Federation. Cambridge University Press.
- Goode, J. P. (2011). The decline of regionalism in Putin's Russia: Boundary issues. London: Routledge.
- Kappeler, A. (2014). The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
- Martin, T. (2001). The affirmative action empire: Nations and nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Pipes, R. (1997). The formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and nationalism, 1917-1923. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
- Protsyk, O., & Harzl, B. (2012). Managing ethnic diversity in Russia. New York: Routledge.
- Tishkov, V. A. (1997). Ethnicity, nationalism and conflict in and after the Soviet Union: The mind aflame. London: Sage.
- Музаев, Т. М. (1999). Этнический сепаратизм в России. Москва: Панорама.
- Шнирельман, В.А. (2006). Быть аланами. Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке. Москва: Новое литературное обозрение.
Referències
modifica- ↑ https://books.google.cat/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA572&lpg=PA572&dq=Rutulstan&source=bl&ots=8dQeJbU5tm&sig=ACfU3U2slUrl_cpMAYA3WypZTpTIbms1sQ&hl=ca&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNlIz_g8DnAhVDSxUIHesiBCIQ6AEwAXoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=Rutulstan&f=false
- ↑ https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Administrative_Divisions_of_Eurasia_(In_Frederick%27s_Fields)
- ↑ Error en el títol o la url.«» (en rus), 16-12-2019. [Consulta: 9 gener 2020].
- ↑ Error en el títol o la url.«» (en rus), 19-01-2020. [Consulta: 9 gener 2020].
- ↑ Minahan, James. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes], 30 maig 2002. ISBN 9780313076961.
- ↑ Vorozhko, Tatiana. «Buryatia has already started talking about independence from Russia» (en ucraïnès), 21-03-2014.
- ↑ Korolkova, Elizabeth. «"They keep their dead in the barn": why they cannot bury the dead in Taymyr» (en rus), 07-12-2017.
- ↑ Starinova, Julia. «Taymyr residents again demand a referendum on autonomy» (en rus), 26-07-2017.
- ↑ Minahan, James. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes], 30 maig 2002. ISBN 9780313076961.
- ↑ Libman, Alexander; Rochlitz, Michael. Federalism in China and Russia, 2019. ISBN 9781788972192.
- ↑ The Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation: A Guide to Politics, Policies, and Leaders, 2000. ISBN 9780765605597.
- ↑ Giuliano, Elise. Constructing Grievance: Ethnic Nationalism in Russia's Republics, 15 març 2011. ISBN 9780801460722.
- ↑ Andrey, Romanov. «The Urals will become free, even if the West will save Moscow» (en russian), 28-05-2019.
- ↑ «Ural Republic is the future» (en rus), 17-10-2017.
- ↑ Bugai, Janusz. «Uprising of the Russian administrative divisions» (en russian), 09-01-2020.
- ↑ Goble, Paul. «Free Idel-Ural Movement takes shape in Kyiv» (en anglès americà), 24-03-2018.
- ↑ Podobed, Pavel. «Tatarstan is silent, suffering, waiting for an opportunity» (en rus), 12-04-2019.
- ↑ http://uralistica.com/forum/topics/2161342:Topic:171113?commentId=2161342%3AComment%3A171436
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Eltsov, Peter. «The Best Way to Deal With Russia: Wait for It to Implode» (en anglès americà), 03-08-2019.
- ↑ Alpout, Ramadan. «Members of the Tatar "government in exile" ask the Russian opposition to recognize the independence of the Idel-Ural republics» (en rus), 05-06-2019.
- ↑ Shtepa, Vadim «Independent Tatarstan will not be a colony or a metropolis» (en rus). Region Expert, 19-06-2019.
- ↑ В Удмуртия появилась организация региональных сепаратистов. «POHC»
- ↑ Ashurov, Alexander. «Longing for sovereignty of Chuvashia inspired in Ukraine» (en rus), 19-01-2016.
- ↑ «The program of the Komi Republican Association "Doryam Asnymys" ("Protect Yourself")» (en rus). Region Expert, 16-09-2019.
- ↑ «The site of the movement "Free Ingria" is blocked» (en rus), 24-07-2017.
- ↑ Goble, Paul. «By Attacking ‘Free Ingria’ Leader, Moscow Highlights Regionalist Challenge to Itself in Russia’s Northwest», 30-05-2016.
- ↑ Subbotin, Ivan. «"We are patriots, not separatists!" Residents of the Komi District hope that autonomy will be returned to them» (en rus), 06-05-2015.
- ↑ Jamestown. «Kaliningrad Separatism Again on the Rise»
- ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/15/russia-fledgling-independence-movements
- ↑ «Kuban People's Republic proclaimed in Russia» (en rus). Region Expert, 30-01-2018.
- ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/05/world/europe/cossacks-face-reprisals-as-rebel-groups-clash-in-eastern-ukraine.html
- ↑ https://www.refworld.org/docid/51dfba394.html
- ↑ https://jamestown.org/kalmyks-protest-donbas-separatist-who-was-appointed-mayor-of-republican-capital/
- ↑ https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cbf2.html
- ↑ The Putin-Osama Connection Arxivat 16 January 2009[Date mismatch] a Wayback Machine., Frontpage Magazine, 16 January 2008
- ↑ Sengupta and Chatterjee. Geographies: Perspectives from Eurasia. 15 December 2014. (page number not shown on page, but is available by text search): "The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria has collapsed and since then only remains a government in exile"
- ↑ Julia Wong «Facebook blocks Chechnya activist page in latest case of wrongful censorship». The Guardian, 06-06-2017. quote = "The group is supportive of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, an unrecognized government consisting of exiled leaders from the wars for independence."
- ↑ Liz Fuller «Facts In Attack On National Guard In Chechnya Questioned». RFERL, 06-06-2017. quote= "Akhmed Zakayev, the head of the independent Chechen Republic Ichkeria government in exile, similarly told Kavkaz.Realii that he was absolutely certain the Naurskaya attackers had no ties to IS or to any other terrorist group."
- ↑ «Abhazyam» (en anglès americà).
- ↑ Error en el títol o la url.«» (en anglès americà).
- ↑ «Seldon News» (en anglès americà).
- ↑ https://books.google.cat.my/books?id=ftNIAAAAYAAJ&q=Aghuls+separatist&dq=Aghuls+separatist&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95L2vuoLnAhV5zDgGHS8_BdoQ6AEINTAB
- ↑ «TRT World» (en anglès americà).
- ↑ https://minorityrights.org/minorities/dargins/
- ↑ https://www.crcpress.com/Dagestan-Russian-Hegemony-and-Islamic-Resistance-in-the-North-Caucasus/Robert-Ware/p/book/9780765620293
- ↑ http://www.dushakavkaza.ru/st4.html
- ↑ https://books.google.cat.my/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA396&dq=Lak+homeland&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX5_z_uYLnAhWwxzgGHeWRDwMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Lak%20homeland&f=false
- ↑ https://books.google.cat.my/books?id=u9Lq_8Ozf5cC&pg=PA1089&dq=Lezgin+stateless+nation&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9if_NuYLnAhXpyjgGHWlxBV0Q6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=Lezgin%20stateless%20nation&f=false
- ↑ https://books.google.cat.my/books?id=3_zn1QVngzQC&q=Nogai+separatist&dq=Nogai+separatist&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjenvmRuoLnAhXtyzgGHWBTCJkQ6AEIKTAA
- ↑ http://rutulets.ru/history/rutulcy.html
- ↑ https://books.google.cat.my/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA356&dq=Rutul+stateless+nation&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid4-vPw_7mAhVIwzgGHXG-Dk0Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Rutul%20stateless%20nation&f=false
- ↑ https://books.google.cat.my/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA405&lpg=PA405&dq=Tabasaran+stateless+nation&source=bl&ots=clDdVxM1E_&sig=ACfU3U2BCgA_rdYVXxmus0zrbLkAwGSXpQ&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi69r27xP7mAhUwxjgGHestCRUQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Tabasaran%20stateless%20nation&f=false
- ↑ Александр Кынев. "Избирательная реформа Владимира Путина и региональные выборы" Неприкосновенный запас 2006, №6(50)
- ↑ Statement by the Diasporas of Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation on the Persecution of Activists
- ↑ Russian Federation: Imprisoned activist must be released immediately: Ruslan Kutaev - Amnesty Inernational
- ↑ Russian Federation: Further information: Tatar activist sentenced to three years in jail: Rafis Kashapov
- ↑ Russian Federation: Blogger in detention for political satire: Darya Poliudova
- ↑ Zhemukhov, S. (2012). The Birth of Modern Circassian Nationalism. Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 40 (4), 1–22.
- ↑ Appleby, Ian. (2010). Uninvited guests in the communal apartment: nation-formation processes among unrecognized Soviet nationalities. Nationalities Papers, 38 (2010), 6, 847-864.
- ↑ Minahan, J., & Minahan, J. (2002). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: Ethnic and national groups around the world. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
- ↑ Lagutov, V. (2011). Environmental Security in Watersheds: The Sea of Azov. Springer. P. 50
- ↑ Van Horne W.A. (1997). Global Convulsions: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism at the End of the Twentieth Century. SUNY Press. P. 241.
- ↑ Zhdanov, V. A. (2015) Contemporary Siberian Regionalism. In Stephen Kotkin and David Wolff eds., Rediscovering Russia in Asia, Siberia and the Russian Far East London, New York: Routledge, pp. 120-132.
- ↑ Charron, Austin. "The Sibiriak Movement and the Roots of Modern Siberian Regionalism." (2014).
- ↑ Castells, M., & Kiselyova, E. (2000). Russian federalism and Siberian regionalism, 1990–2000. City, 4(2), 175-198.
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