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This article was medically reviewed by Danielle Jacks, MD and by How.com.vn staff writer, Cheyenne Main. Danielle Jacks, MD is a Cardiothoracic Surgeon at Asante Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgeons in Medford, Oregon. She has over seven years of experience in general surgery, and completed her surgical residency in 2021. In 2023, she completed a fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at the Ochsner Clinic Foundation in New Orleans, Louisiana. She received her MD from Oregon Health and Science University in 2016.
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This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources.
This article has been viewed 965,463 times.
Gunshot wounds are one of the most traumatic injuries you can suffer. It's difficult to assess the extent of damage done by a gunshot wound, and it typically far exceeds what you can reasonably treat with first aid. For this reason, the best option is to get the victim to a hospital as soon as possible. However, there are some first aid measures that you can take before professional assistance arrives.
Steps
Establish that you are in a safe position. If the victim was shot unintentionally (such as while hunting), make sure that the firearm is pointed away from others, cleared of ammo, safe, and secured. If the victim was shot in a crime, verify that the shooter is no longer on the scene and that both you and the victim are safe. Wear personal protective equipment, such as latex gloves, if available.[1]- If there’s an active shooter, run and hide. Only help with casualties when it’s safe to do so.[2]
Call for help. Dial 911 for emergency medical assistance and follow the dispatcher's instructions.[3] The dispatcher can help you stop the bleeding and walk through the rest of the steps if no one else is available to help.[4]- Ideally, the injured person should be inside an ambulance within 10 minutes of getting shot.[5]
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Avoid moving the victim if they were shot in the neck or back. This can damage the spinal cord and cause permanent paralysis. In addition, avoid elevating their legs—this can cause abdominal and chest wounds to bleed quickly and make it harder for the person to breathe.[6]
Act quickly. Time is your enemy in treating the victim—the average time for someone to bleed out after experiencing trauma from an injury is only 3 to 5 minutes.[7] Try to keep your movements swift without making the person feel more upset or panicked.
Apply direct pressure to control bleeding. Identify the source of the bleeding and remove any clothing blocking the area.[8] If there’s no trauma first aid kit available, take a clean cloth and press directly against the wound using the palm of your hand, an elbow, or a knee—whatever it takes to stop the hemorrhage.[9]
Apply dressing to a leg or arm wound. If a tourniquet is not available or does not stop the bleeding, pack the wound with a clean cloth or gauze. Apply pressure with both hands and use a cloth, shirt, or whatever is at hand to press into the wound.[12]- There is little you can do for torso wounds outside of a hospital—just keep steady pressure and direct emergency responders to the victim when they arrive.
Be prepared to treat the victim for shock. Gunshot wounds can lead to shock, a condition caused by trauma or blood loss. Expect that a gunshot victim will show signs of shock and treat them accordingly by making sure the victim's body temperature remains consistent — cover the person so that he does not get cold. Loosen tight clothing and drape him in a blanket or coat.[13] Typically you would want to elevate the legs of someone experiencing shock, but refrain from doing so if they might have a spinal injury or a wound in the torso.[14]- Don’t let the person eat or drink anything—not even water.[15]
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Give reassurance. Tell the person that she's okay and that you're helping. Reassurance is important. Ask the person to talk to you. Keep the person warm.- If possible, ask the person about any medications she is taking, any medical conditions (i.e. diabetes, hypertension), and any drug allergies she may have. This is important information and may distract her from her wound.
Stay with the person. Continue to reassure and keep the victim warm. Wait for the authorities. If the blood congeals around the bullet wound, do not remove blood mats on wound, as this may be limiting blood loss.
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Remember the A, B, C, D, E's. For advanced treatment it is important to consider the status of the person. A, B, C, D, E is an easy way to remember the important factors you should consider. Assess these five critical factors to see what sort of assistance the victim requires.[16]
Check the airway. If the person is talking, his airway is probably clear. If the person is unconscious, check to make sure that his airway is not obstructed. If it is and there is no spine injury, tilt their head and lift their chin.[17]- Apply gentle pressure to the forehead with the palm of one hand. Placing the other hand under the chin and use it to tilt the head back.
Look for a disability. Disability refers to damage to the spinal cord or neck. Check to see if the victim can move his hands and feet. If not, there may be an injury to the spinal cord.[21] Look for compound or obvious fractures, dislocations, or anything that looks out of place or unnatural. If the victim shows signs of disability, you should refrain from moving them.
Check for exposure. Check the victim as thoroughly as possible for other wounds that you may be unaware of. Pay special attention to the armpit, buttocks or other difficult-to-see areas. Avoid completely undressing the victim before emergency help arrives as this may increase heat loss and shock.[22]
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Apply direct pressure to the wound. Carefully assess the situation to determine that there is no sign of disability or any wounds that would suggest the victim sustained a spinal injury. If this is the case, elevate the limb above the heart to reduce bleeding.[23] Expose the wound and apply constant direct pressure using gauze or a clean cloth.[24]- If pressure on a leg or arm wound does not stop the bleeding and the dressing is soaked with blood, you will need to apply a tourniquet.[25]
Apply indirect pressure if the bleeding doesn’t stop. In addition to direct pressure, apply indirect pressure between the bleeding site and the heart to limit the blood flow to the wound.[26] This is done by putting pressure on arteries or, as they are sometimes called, pressure points, for a maximum of 10 minutes. They will feel like particularly large and hard veins. Applying pressure to them will constrict blood flow when direct pressure and elevation are ineffective. [27]- To slow blood flow to the arm, use 2 fingers to press on the brachial artery on the inner side of the arm, just below the armpit.
- For groin or thigh injuries, apply pressure to the femoral artery, between the groin and the upper thigh. This one is particularly large. You will have to use the entire heel of your hand to reduce circulation.
- For lower leg wounds, apply pressure to the popliteal artery, behind the knee.
Make a tourniquet. Tourniquets can stop deadly blood loss for several hours without causing harm.[28] If the bleeding is extremely severe and you have a tourniquet on hand, use it. If you only have a bandage or fabric on hand, you can make a tourniquet.- Wrap bandage tightly around the limb, between the wound and the heart, 5 to 7 centimeters above the wound. Wrap around limb several times and tie a knot. Leave enough fabric to tie a second knot around a stick. Twist stick until the bleeding stops.[29]
- Write down the time the tourniquet was applied—leaving a tourniquet on too long can cause damage to the tissue, and a time-stamp can let caregivers know which patients to treat first.[30]
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Recognize a sucking chest wound. If a bullet has penetrated the chest, it is possible that a sucking chest wound exists. Air is coming in through the wound, but not coming out, collapsing the lung. Signs of a sucking chest wound include a sucking sound emanating from the chest, coughing up blood, frothy blood coming from the wound, and shortness of breath. When in doubt, treat the wound as a sucking chest wound.[31]
Seal the wound on three sides. Take a plastic wrap or bag or gauze pads covered in petroleum jelly and tape the dressing around the wound, covering 3 sides.[34] As you seal the wound, encourage the patient to exhale forcefully 3 times while holding their breath. This will force all air out of the lungs. After they exhale, tape the fourth side of the dressing.[35]- If the patient has shortness of breath or labored breathing after the wound has been sealed, “burp” the wound by removing the seal and asking them to breathe out as if they’re blowing out the candles on a birthday cake.[36] Reseal the wound.
Apply direct pressure to both sides of the wound.[37] It is possible to do this with two pads over each wound, held very tightly in place by a wrapped bandage.
Do not release pressure or remove the seal when medical assistance arrives.[41] They will either use your seal or replace it with a better one.
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Expert Q&A
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- QuestionCan the wounds be cleaned with water? Or should I use peroxide?
Jonas DeMuro, MDDr. DeMuro is a board certified Pediatric Critical Care Surgeon in New York. He received his MD from Stony Brook University School of Medicine in 1996. He completed his fellowship in Surgical Critical Care at North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System and was a previous American College of Surgeons (ACS) Fellow.
Board Certified Critical Care SurgeonThe wound from a bullet is actually the least of your concerns, as the bullet is essentially sterile from coming out of the gun with the gunpowder. The real issue is the damage to the structures beneath the bullet wound, and these are potentially serious issues. Therefore, the wound needs to be seen immediately in the ED by a team of physicians that have experience with trauma. - QuestionWhat do you do if the bleeding doesn't stop or slow after 20 minutes of applied pressure, bandages etc.?Jonas DeMuro, MDDr. DeMuro is a board certified Pediatric Critical Care Surgeon in New York. He received his MD from Stony Brook University School of Medicine in 1996. He completed his fellowship in Surgical Critical Care at North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System and was a previous American College of Surgeons (ACS) Fellow.
Board Certified Critical Care SurgeonAny bullet wound should be seen immediately, as this is a medical emergency. Any delay easily means the difference between life and death in many cases. It is fine to apply pressure (with appropriate safety precautions, including gloves and eye/mouth protection) while waiting for the ambulance to arrive after calling 9-1-1. - QuestionHow can I treat non-fatal headshots?
Danielle Jacks, MDDanielle Jacks, MD is a Cardiothoracic Surgeon at Asante Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgeons in Medford, Oregon. She has over seven years of experience in general surgery, and completed her surgical residency in 2021. In 2023, she completed a fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at the Ochsner Clinic Foundation in New Orleans, Louisiana. She received her MD from Oregon Health and Science University in 2016.
Cardiothoracic SurgeonA gunshot to the head always needs to be treated at a hospital, even if it didn't enter the skull. It's still possible that the person's skull is fractured or that there's bleeding inside the person's brain. Get emergency medical care at a hospital.
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Tips
- Gunshots cause three types of trauma: penetration (destruction of flesh by the projectile), cavitation (damage from the bullet's shock wave in the body), and fragmentation (caused by pieces of the projectile or lead).[42]Thanks
- When medical assistance arrives, be prepared to inform them what you have done so far.Thanks
- It is very difficult to accurately assess the severity of a gunshot wound based upon what is visible on the victim. Internal damage may be severe even in circumstances where the entrance and exit wounds are small.Thanks
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Warnings
- Avoid blood-borne illnesses. Make sure any open wounds you may have do not come in contact with the victim's blood.Thanks
- Even with the best first aid, gunshot wounds may be fatal.Thanks
- Do not put your own life at risk when treating a gunshot victim.Thanks
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References
- ↑ https://www.ucihealth.org/blog/2018/02/bleeding-prevention
- ↑ https://www.ucihealth.org/blog/2018/02/bleeding-prevention
- ↑ https://www.ucihealth.org/blog/2018/02/bleeding-prevention
- ↑ https://www.umaryland.edu/news/archived-news/march-2021/umb--employee-stop-the-bleed-save-gunshot-victim.php
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.3238%2Farztebl.2017.0237
- ↑ https://nasemso.org/wp-content/uploads/National-Model-EMS-Clinical-Guidelines-2017-PDF-Version-2.2.pdf
- ↑ https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/news/2022/05/19/st-helps-stop-bleed-fast
- ↑ https://www.ucihealth.org/blog/2018/02/bleeding-prevention
- ↑ https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/STB_Applying_Tourniquet_08-06-2018_0.pdf
- ↑ http://www.patient.info/showdoc/40001334
- ↑ https://www.stopthebleed.org/media/zocjiwum/stb-poster.pdf
- ↑ https://www.ucihealth.org/blog/2018/02/bleeding-prevention
- ↑ https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-shock/basics/art-20056620
- ↑ https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24055-shock-first-aid-treatment
- ↑ https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-shock/basics/art-20056620
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3273374/
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3273374/
- ↑ https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/first-aid-basics-and-drsabcd
- ↑ https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/trauma/news/managing-penetrating-trauma/mac-20518677
- ↑ https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/first-aid-basics-and-drsabcd
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3273374/
- ↑ https://www.resus.org.uk/library/abcde-approach
- ↑ https://www.firstresponse.org.uk/3-general/first-aid/56-bleeding
- ↑ https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/STB_Applying_Tourniquet_08-06-2018_0.pdf
- ↑ https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/STB_Applying_Tourniquet_08-06-2018_0.pdf
- ↑ https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/emergencies-and-first-aid-direct-pressure-to-stop-bleeding
- ↑ https://www.firstresponse.org.uk/3-general/first-aid/56-bleeding
- ↑ https://www.ucihealth.org/blog/2018/02/bleeding-prevention
- ↑ https://firstaidforlife.org.uk/tourniquets/
- ↑ https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/STB_Applying_Tourniquet_08-06-2018_0.pdf
- ↑ http://www.armystudyguide.com/content/powerpoint/First_Aid_Presentations/apply-a-dressing-to-an-op-5.shtml
- ↑ https://youtu.be/KnNnCzdfaQs?t=63
- ↑ https://youtu.be/KnNnCzdfaQs?t=73
- ↑ https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000007.htm
- ↑ https://youtu.be/KnNnCzdfaQs?t=99
- ↑ https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Files/Publications-Files/Publications-for-Schools/Active-Shooter-Response-Companion-Workbook
- ↑ https://emsa.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/71/2017/07/TCCC_Quick_Reference_Guide_2017.pdf
- ↑ https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15304-collapsed-lung-pneumothorax
- ↑ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumothorax/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350372
- ↑ https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600
- ↑ https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/docs/bls_protocols.pdf
- ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4009751/
About This Article
Cardiothoracic Surgeon
This article was medically reviewed by Danielle Jacks, MD and by How.com.vn staff writer, Cheyenne Main. Danielle Jacks, MD is a Cardiothoracic Surgeon at Asante Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgeons in Medford, Oregon. She has over seven years of experience in general surgery, and completed her surgical residency in 2021. In 2023, she completed a fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at the Ochsner Clinic Foundation in New Orleans, Louisiana. She received her MD from Oregon Health and Science University in 2016. This article has been viewed 965,463 times.
Co-authors: 76
Updated: December 22, 2023
Views: 965,463
Categories: Featured Articles | Wound First Aid
Medical Disclaimer
The content of this article is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, examination, diagnosis, or treatment. You should always contact your doctor or other qualified healthcare professional before starting, changing, or stopping any kind of health treatment.
Article SummaryX
To treat a bullet wound, don't move the person and call 911 immediately for emergency medical assistance. While you're waiting for them to arrive, apply direct pressure over the wound with a cloth, bandage, or gauze to control bleeding. If the person was shot in the arm or leg, elevate the limb as you apply pressure. Keep talking to the person, reassuring them that everything is going to be okay and help is on the way. The person will probably start feeling cold, which is common, so cover them with a blanket or your jacket to keep them warm until the medical team arrives. For specific tips on dealing with a chest wound, read on!
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