How to Obtain a Variance for Your Lot

If you are considering a construction project that violates the local jurisdiction's zoning ordinances, then you will need to apply for a variance. Getting a variance can be a tricky and expensive process, and if you don't prepare yourself properly, you may be fighting a losing battle. By learning how to obtain a variance for your lot, you improve your chances of navigating the process smoothly, quickly, and at minimal cost.

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If you can modify your plans so that they conform to the local zoning ordinances, you will save yourself the hassle of applying for a variance. In addition, you are not likely to be approved for a variance if your plans can be easily changed to comply with the zoning laws.
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Familiarize yourself with the local jurisdiction's requirements for a variance. In general, a variance will only be granted if the following 4 criteria are met:^{[1]XResearch source}
- Compliance with the zoning laws would cause undue hardship on the landowner;
- The proposed construction is necessary for reasonable use of the property;
- The proposed construction would not alter the essential character of the neighborhood;
- The proposed construction represents the least intrusive solution possible.
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Determine what type of variance you need. There are two basic kinds of variances: area and use.^{[2]XResearch source}
- An area variance is required when the configuration of the lot dictates that the zoning regulations simply be relaxed. Common examples of area variances would be exceptions for minimum setbacks from the property line and minimum floor areas.
- A use variance is required when the building's intended use will violate the zoning ordinances; for example, a use variance would be required to build an office building in a residential neighborhood. Use variances are much harder to obtain than area variances.
This is an essential step any time you are planning new construction or an addition. The city or town hall where you will file the variance application will want to see an updated survey, and having a proper survey done will keep you out of legal trouble with neighbors who might object to your use of the land. This is especially important when you are seeking a variance regarding minimum property setbacks.
Check with your municipality or county to see what level of detail is required. Some jurisdictions may want the plans stamped by a licensed architect or engineer, while others may accept plans you have created with home remodeling software.^{[3]XResearch source}
This will generally be performed at your local city or town hall. You will submit your survey, your architectural drawings, a written statement of intent and possibly a separate application required by the jurisdiction.^{[4]XResearch source}
Notify all property owners within a small radius from your property of your proposed change (the local jurisdiction may actually specify the length of this radius). You may be required to go to a hearing before your variance is approved, in which all nearby property owners will be allowed to attend and ask you questions. Prepare yourself to field these questions if applicable.^{[5]XResearch source}

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Question
What type of variance do I need to convert a garage to an apartment?
Community Answer
Whatever your local authorities say. Quite a few variances may be needed, along with a lawyer.
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Do I need a variance to sell part of my property?
Community Answer
Possibly. You may be zoning or deed restricted. You'll have to ask your local and county authorities.
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In what county office do I file my property variance?
Community Answer
Give the county a call and ask. It could be called the Building Department, Zoning and Permit Department or Planning Commission.
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Tips

Remember, zoning regulations vary widely between jurisdictions. Always look carefully into what is required by your local government.
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Consider hiring a real estate lawyer to help with the variance request.
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Warnings

Don't ever buy land which would require a variance unless the sale agreement makes your purchase contingent on the approval of the variance.
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