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Scientific Researcher
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Co-authored Articles (65)
How to
Measure VO2 Max
VO2 max is a measure of the maximum amount of oxygen that you use during intense physical activity. This measurement is the best indicator of aerobic endurance and cardiovascular fitness as it calculates how efficiently ...
How to
Draw a Model of the Digestive System
Drawing a model of the digestive system will help you to better understand its functions. It is a great way to visualize what happens during digestion. There are many organs involved in digesting food, but don’t let th...
How to
Find the Number of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Finding the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a given element isn't as hard as it sounds. Oftentimes part of your answer will be right in front of you in the periodic table! Once you know where to look, findi...
How to
Calculate Wavelength
Wavelength is the distance of 1 frequency wave peak to the other and is most commonly associated with the electromagnetic spectrum. Calculating wavelength is dependent upon the information you are given. If you know the ...
How to
Check Water Temperature Without a Thermometer
At some point, you may find that you need to determine the approximate temperature of water and do not have a waterproof thermometer. You can roughly figure out water’s temperature by looking for signs that indicate if...
How to
Calculate Percent Yield in Chemistry
In chemistry, the '''theoretical yield''' is the maximum amount of product a chemical reaction could create based on chemical equations. In reality, most reactions are not perfectly efficient. If you perform the experime...
How to
Predict Your Baby's Eye Color
There are no definite ways to predict eye color, but there are some steps you can take to make an educated guess when predicting your baby’s eye color. The most obvious place to start is noting the color of the parents...
How to
Create a School Project on the Layers of the Earth
There are 5 layers of the Earth: the crust, the upper mantle, the lower mantle, the liquid outer core, and the solid inner core. The crust is the thinnest outside layer of the Earth where the continents reside. The next...
How to
Do Spectrophotometric Analysis
Spectrophotometry is an experimental technique that is used to measure the concentration of solutes in a specific solution by calculating the amount of light absorbed by those solutes. This technique is powerful because ...
How to
Grow Bacteria in a Petri Dish
Ever wanted to grow bacteria for a science project or just for fun? It's surprisingly simple! All you need is some agar (a special gelatinous growing material), a number of sterilized Petri dishes, and some disgustingly ...
How to
Predict the Weather Without a Forecast
Generally, most of us rely on forecasts to tell us what kind of weather to expect. However, it is possible to predict the weather using your skills of observation and knowledge of weather patterns. Not only can predicti...
How to
Calculate Half Life
The half-life of a substance undergoing decay is the time it takes for the amount of the substance to decrease by half. It was originally used to describe the decay of radioactive elements like uranium or plutonium, but ...
How to
Write a Chemical Equation
A good way to think about a chemical reaction is the process of baking cookies. You mix the ingredients together (flour, butter, salt, sugar, and eggs), bake it, and see that it changes into something new: cookies! In ch...
How to
Make Mold Grow on Bread
Interested in doing a fungi science experiment for school? Making mold grow on bread is not only a great project for the local science fair, it also teaches the ins-and-outs of keeping your bread fresh. With a bit of moi...
How to
Do Pipette Calibration
Pipettes are a type of lab equipment used to measure and transfer very small volumes of liquid. Accuracy and precision in pipette measurement are necessary as any discrepancy in volumes dispensed can affect the results o...
How to
Measure the pH of Water
Testing the pH of water tells you how acidic or basic the water is at the moment of testing. Pure, unpolluted water normally has a pH level of 7, which is neutral (neither acidic nor basic). The pH level of water can pro...
How to
Make Salt Crystals
Crystals can look quite magical when they appear from seemingly nowhere in a glass of water. In fact, they form from substances already dissolved in the water. Make your own salt crystal experiment, and learn how it work...
How to
Study for Biology
Although biology is a mandatory class, it doesn't have to be a painful one to study for and get through. It is a subject that builds upon itself, so it's essential to understand the basic concepts before you can understa...
How to
Test for CO₂
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is colorless and odorless, so you can't detect it through direct observation. You'll need to collect an air sample (or a CO2 sample), then run one of several simple tests to identify the presence of ...
How to
Calculate Fluid Pressure
When a fluid is at rest, it exerts a force perpendicular to any surface in contact with it. This force, which is due to the continuous, random motion of molecules, is known as fluid pressure. Knowing the fluid pressure i...