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+ FollowBess Ruff, MA
Environmental Scientist
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Co-authored Articles (176)
How to
Balance Chemical Equations
Taking a dive into the world of chemical equations? These problems can seem tricky at a glance, but they’re easy to figure out once you learn the basic steps and rules to balancing them. Not to worry; we’ll walk you ...
How to
Calculate Tension in Physics
In physics, tension is the force exerted by a rope, string, cable, or similar object on one or more objects. Anything pulled, hung, supported, or swung from a rope, string, cable, etc. is subject to the force of tension....
How to
Calculate Theoretical Yield
The theoretical yield is a term used in chemistry to describe the maximum amount of product that you expect a chemical reaction could create. You need to begin with a and define the limiting reactant. When you measure t...
How to
Make Activated Charcoal
Activated charcoal, sometimes called activated carbon, is useful for purifying contaminated water or polluted air. In emergency situations, activated charcoal can be used to remove dangerous toxins and poisons from your ...
How to
Calculate Impedance
Impedance is the opposition of a circuit to alternating current. It's measured in ohms. To calculate impedance, you must know the value of all resistors and the impedance of all inductors and capacitors, which offer vary...
Thermite Formula: Ingredients, Tips, and Everything You Need to Know
A step-by-step guide to making thermite at home, complete with safety informationOf all the do-it-yourself chemistry experiments found online, there’s almost nothing cooler—or maybe hotter—than a thermite reaction...
How to
Find Valence Electrons
In chemistry, ''valence electrons'' are the electrons that are located in the outermost electron shell of an element. Knowing how to find the number of valence electrons in a particular atom is an important skill for che...
How to
Anodize Aluminum
Anodizing uses acid to create a corrosion- and wear-resistant layer on top of a metal. The process of anodizing also changes the crystal structure near the surface of substances, like aluminum alloy, which allows you to ...
How to Calculate Molarity: Easy Step-by-Step Guide
Learn how to solve molarity problems with our step-by-step guide Molarity describes the relationship between moles of a solute and the volume of a solution. To calculate molarity, you can start with moles and volume, mas...
How to
Make a Simple Electrical Circuit
A circuit is a closed path that electrons flow along to provide power to your home and electronics. A simple electric circuit contains a power source (battery), wires, and a resistor (light bulb). In a circuit, electrons...
How to
Turn Salt Water Into Drinking Water
Desalination is the process of removing salt from saltwater, which might be necessary due to a lack of clean drinking water in your area. You might also need to do this someday if you are ever stranded somewhere without ...
How to
Make Static Electricity
Learning how to make static electricity is a great experiment to help you learn more about physical science. Depending on your interests, you can make static electricity in several different ways. To make small shocks, y...
How to
How to Make an Explosion
Have a blast with these fun and safe ways to create an explosion at homeTo call it an experiment would be incorrect (you are doing a demonstration!) but no matter what you call it, an explosion is a great way to have fu...
How to
Calculate Molar Mass
Atoms are too small to allow meaningful measurement of chemical substances. To work with meaningful amounts of substances, scientists group them into units called moles. A mole is defined as the number of carbon atoms in...
How to
Find the Number of Neutrons in an Atom
'''Although all atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons, their number of neutrons can vary. Knowing how many neutrons are in a particular atom can help you determine if it's a regular atom of that el...
How to
Make a Volcano
A volcano is a fun science project, especially for kids. You can easily make a volcano if you need a project idea for a science fair! Make your own dough out of common household items and shape it into a volcano. Then, ...
How to
Electroplate Household Metals
Electroplating is a process used to coat one metal with that of a separate metal. There are many objects in our everyday lives that have been plated with other metals: gold-plated jewelry, nickel and copper plated coins,...
How to
Demonstrate Charles's Law
Charles's Law states that the volume of an ideal gas changes proportionally to the temperature of that gas, given that pressure and amount of gas present are held constant. The equation for Charles's law can be expressed...
How to
Set a Barometer
A barometer measures air pressure and can forecast the weather within a 12 to 24 hour period. Air pressure can be measured in inches of mercury, millimeters of mercury, or hectopascals, depending on where you live and th...
How to
Make Potassium Nitrate
Potassium nitrate (saltpeter) is a useful chemical for science experiments, fertilizers, and gunpowder since it’s an ionic salt. Collecting bat guano from caves used to be the main way to obtain potassium nitrate but t...