How to Acid Wash Concrete

Acid washing, also known as acid etching, prepares a concrete surface to accept a sealer. You can also use acid in weaker concentrations to remove white mineral deposits (efflorescence) and heavy grime. Acid washing is dangerous for people, plants, and metal objects, especially indoors where fumes can concentrate.

Do not confuse this process with acid staining, which colors the concrete. An acid wash is not recommended before applying a stain.^{[1]XResearch source}

Part 1

Part 1 of 3:

Setting Up

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1
Remove dirt and grease. Brush or vacuum dirt from the concrete. If there are oil stains, remove them with a concrete degreaser or alkali detergent.^{[2]XResearch source} Rinse thoroughly with water.
- If water beads up on the surface, the acid wash may not work correctly.^{[3]XResearch source} Degreasing should solve this problem.
- Trisodium phosphate (TSP) cleaners are not recommended. Any residue left behind can react violently with the acid to release dangerous gas.^{[4]XResearch source}
2
Choose your acid. Select a cleaning or etching product based on your experience level and project location:^{[5]XResearch source}
- Sulfamic acid is the safest to handle, and recommended for non-professionals.
- Phosphoric acid creates less fumes. Use it in rooms that contain stainless steel or other acid-vulnerable metals. It's also a good choice if you're just cleaning off mineral deposits.
- Muriatic acid (a mixture of hydrochloric acid and cyanide) is the most dangerous option and produces strong fumes. Recommended only for professionals working outdoors.
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3
Follow safety instructions. These acids are some of the most dangerous substances available for home use. Wear acid-resistant gloves, rubber boots, and vapor proof goggles. Protect your lungs with a respirator with an acid-grade filter, and use fans to improve ventilation if necessary.^{[6]XResearch source} Protect exposed skin with well-fitting clothing at minimum, and ideally with a face shield plus a PVC or Butyl coverall or apron.^{[7]XResearch source}
- Keep water nearby to wash spills from skin or clothing. Showers and an eye wash station are ideal.
- Keep baking soda or garden lime nearby to neutralize spills on the ground.^{[8]XResearch source}
4
Add acid to water in a plastic bucket or watering can. Unlike metal, all common plastics are resistant to acid damage at these concentrations. To avoid a violent reaction, pour water in the bucket first, then add acid slowly.^{[9]XResearch source} Defer to the manufacturer’s directions on the acid container over the guidelines below. These general ratios are suited to some mixes but not all:
- Sulfamic acid: 1 pound powder or crystals per 1 gallon hot water (120 grams per 1 L water).^{[10]XResearch source}
- Phosphoric acid: dilute to 20–40%.^{[11]XResearch source}
- Muriatic acid: mix 3 to 4 parts water with 1 part acid, or follow label instructions for a 10% concentration (15% for hard, smooth concrete).
- These solutions are for etching the concrete. If you're just removing mineral deposits (efflorescence), use a much weaker mix (10:1 or 16:1 for muriatic acid).^{[12]XResearch source}

Part 2

Part 2 of 3:

Applying the Acid

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1
Hose down the entire area. Spray water on the concrete until damp, but not puddling.^{[13]XResearch source} Also wet surrounding objects, such as trees, bushes, walls, doors, door frames, cabinetry, and carpets. Remove any furniture in close proximity.
- The concrete must stay wet the whole time. Divide large areas into sections or hose periodically to prevent it drying out.
- Protect asphalt, drywall, and tarmac with a plastic drop cloth or other physical barrier.^{[14]XResearch source}
2
Sprinkle on the acid. Use a plastic watering can to sprinkle acid onto the concrete, pouring low to the ground. Work in small sections, starting with an inconspicuous test area. The plastic may corrode, sometimes within an hour, so have several replacement cans handy.^{[15]XResearch source}. Read the label instructions to determine how much acid to add, or use these guidelines:
- Sulfamic acid: 1 gallon treats 300 ft.² concrete (1 liter per 28 m²).^{[16]XResearch source}
- Phosphoric acid: 1 gallon treats 500–2500 ft.² (3.8 L per 45–250 m²) when removing mineral deposits.^{[17]XResearch source}
- Muriatic acid: 1 gallon treats 45 ft.² (4.5 L per 5 m²).^{[18]XResearch source}
3
Brush the acid over the concrete. Right after sprinkling on the acid, brush with a push broom or long masonry brush to spread the acid into an even layer.^{[19]XResearch source} For large jobs, one person can use a floor machine while another brushes acid into the corners and walls.^{[20]XResearch source}
- Make sure the floor and surrounding objects don't dry out while you're applying acid. You may need to hose them down frequently.
Wait 5–10 minutes for the acid to etch the concrete.^{[21]XResearch source} If you're just removing white mineral deposits, wait until you see them lift off the concrete (usually just a couple minutes).^{[22]XResearch source}

Part 3

Part 3 of 3:

Cleaning Up

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Before the acid dries, scrub off the remaining residue with a long masonry brush while rinsing with plenty of water. Leaving the acid on too long may damage your concrete.
2
Neutralize the acid. Mix 1 cup of baking soda, garden lime, or household ammonia in 1 gallon of water (roughly 250 mL in 4 L), or follow label instructions on an acid neutralizing product. Scrub this over the concrete and let sit at least ten minute to ensure that all the acid is neutralized.^{[23]XResearch source} Pay particular attention to the edges and any low spots in the concrete.
- At this point, etched concrete should have a uniform texture like medium-grit sandpaper. If the concrete is smoother than this, or if there are still white mineral deposits, apply the acid a second time.
3
Rinse several times. Even after the acid is neutralized, liquid left on the surface may leave a white, powdery residue after it dries. Spray the concrete with water, scrub, and repeat several times to prevent this from happening. Pick up the final rinse water with a shop vac or brush it into the gutter.
- Use a hose to rinse the acid rather than a pressure washer. These can drive acid deep into the concrete.^{[24]XResearch source}
- To be safe, test the final rinse water with a pH test strip. If it is below 6.0, there is too much acid and the floor needs more rinsing. (Less commonly, a result above 9.0 means you've added too much basic neutralizer.)^{[25]XResearch source}
4
Clean up leftover acid. If you have any leftover acid solution, pour it slowly into a large bucket filled partway with the same neutralizing solution you used earlier. Slowly stir in more acid and base as needed until the mixture stops fizzing. Once neutralized, you can pour it down the sink or storm drain.^{[26]XResearch source} Hose off any equipment or clothing that may have touched the acid.
- If you do not have plans for the rest of the pure acid, you may want to dispose of it the same way. Acid left in storage can be a serious hazard due to corrosive fumes and the risk of spills.

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My new home concrete driveway was poured in early spring, in maybe 45 degree weather. Why is it black and blotchy?
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It is still in the curing phase. Usually, when it’s cold like that, the curing process takes longer.
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I have a concrete floor decorated with a colored stain. An animal peed on it and I can't find a cleaner that removes the stain. Is there a cleaner that will bring out the color and shine again?
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It is difficult to remove a urine mark once it has soaked in deep, but you can try an enzymatic cleaner made for pet urine. Apply until the concrete is thoroughly soaked, then cover with a tarp until it dries. Once the odor is gone and the urine mark is as light as it's going to get, seal the floor to protect against future spills.
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How long do I need to let the concrete cure before acid washing?
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Wait until the concrete is fully cured, or 28 days for most mixes.
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Tips

Let the floor dry for at least two days before you apply any coating (longer in humid, cool, or poorly ventilated conditions). Even if the surface looks dry, moisture under the surface can interfere with the coating.^{[27]XResearch source}
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Use a helper if you can. The process will move faster if you can scrub the floors while someone else keeps the hose going.
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Warnings

Keep the entire area wet throughout the process. This helps keep the acid from permanently damaging the materials. Muriatic acid will not only eat away at the concrete, it will damage metal, wood and synthetic materials like carpet.
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Never add the water to the acid. Always add the acid to the water to prevent dangerous acid splashes, then mix the solution slowly.
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Keep children and pets out of the area.
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