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Line 53: The origin of name of the city, '''Ljubljana''', is unclear. In the Middle Ages, both the river and the town were also known by the German name ''Laibach''. This name was in official use as an [[Exonym and endonym|endonym]] until 1918, and it remains frequent as a German exonym, both in common speech and official use. <!-- Please maintain the naming conventions [[Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Alternative_names]] by adding alternative English or unofficial foreign names here-->) The city is alternatively named '''Lublana''' in many English language documents.<ref>[https://www.ancestry.com/interactive/1002/44474_08_00011-00575?pid=17781166 U.S., World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1942 for Frank Hren], ancestry.com paid subscription site; accessed December 2017.</ref> The city is called ''[[:szl:Lublana|Lublana]]'' in Silesian, ''[[:it:Lubiana|Lubiana]]'' in Italian, in {{lang-la|Labacum}} and anciently ''Aemona''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Libri Antichi Libri Rari |url=http://www.osservatoriolibri.com/luoghi.html |title=Città di stampa dei LIBRI ANTICHI dei LIBRI VECCHI dei LIBRI RARI |publisher=Osservatoriolibri.com |accessdate=10 December 2011}}</ref> For most scholars, the problem has been in how to connect the Slovene and the German names. The origin from the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ''ljub''- "to love, like" was in 2007 supported as the most probable by the linguist [[Tijmen Pronk]], a specialist in comparative [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European linguistics]] and [[Slovene dialects|Slovene dialectology]], from the [[University of Leiden]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hum.leiden.edu/lucl/organisation/members/pronktc2.html#contact |title=Dr T.C. (Tijmen) Pronk |publisher=Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, University of Leiden |accessdate=24 April 2012 |year=2009}}</ref> He supported the thesis that the name of the river derived from the name of the settlement.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Folia Onomastica Croatica |volume=16 |year=2007 |pages=185–191 |issn=1330-0695 |publisher=Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts |title=The Etymology of Ljubljana – Laibach |first=Tijmen |last=Pronk}}</ref> The linguist [[Silvo Torkar]], who specializes in Slovene personal and place names,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://isjfr.zrc-sazu.si/sl/sodelavci/silvo-torkar-sl#page-title |title=Dr. Silvo Torkar |language=Slovenian |publisher=Fran Ramovš Institute of the Slovenian Language |accessdate=24 April 2012}}</ref> argued at the same place for the thesis that the name ''Ljubljana'' derives from ''Ljubija'', the original name of the [[Ljubljanica|Ljubljanica River]] flowing through it, itself derived from the Old Slavic male name ''Ljubovid'', "the one of a lovely appearance". The name ''Laibach'', he claimed, was actually a hybrid of German and Slovene and derived from the same personal name.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/file/32485/ljubljana_l13_st_08-09_2008.pdf |title=O neprepoznanih ali napačno prepoznanih slovanskih antroponimih v slovenskih zemljepisnih imenih: Čadrg, Litija, Trebija, Ljubija, Ljubljana, Biljana |language=Slovenian |trans-title=On the unrecognized or incorrectly recognized Slavic anthroponyms in Slovenian toponyms: Čadrg, Litija, Trebija, Ljubija, Ljubljana, Biljana |pages=257–273 |issn=1330-0695 |publisher=Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts |work=The Etymology of Ljubljana – Laibach |first=Tijmen |last=Pronk |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823142818/http://www.ljubljana.si/file/32485/ljubljana_l13_st_08-09_2008.pdf |archivedate=23 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The symbol of the city is the [[Ljubljana Dragon]]. It is depicted on the top of the tower of [[Ljubljana Castle]] in the Ljubljana coat of arms and on the Ljubljanica-crossing [[Dragon Bridge (Ljubljana)|Dragon Bridge]] ({{lang|sl|''Zmajski most''}}).<ref name="ARCH124">{{cite book|author=C Abdunur |title=ARCH'01: Troisième conferénce internationale sur les ponts en arc |publisher=Presses des Ponts |location= |year=2001 |page=124 |isbn=2-85978-347-4 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> It symbolizes power, courage, and greatness. Line 121: ===Topography=== Ljubljana has an elevation of {{convert|295|m|sp=us}}<ref name="YB2002">{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/letopis/2002/01_02/01-06-02.asp?jezik=en |title=Nadmorska višina naselij, kjer so sedeži občin |language=Slovenian, English |trans-title=Height above sea level of seats of municipalities |year=2002 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CRTMfOo4?url=http://www.stat.si/letopis/2002/01_02/01-06-02.asp?jezik=en |archivedate=25 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[city center]], located along the Ljubljanica River, has an elevation of {{convert|298|m|sp=us}}.<ref name="Mesto2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/file/32397/ljubljana-2006.pdf |title=Ljubljana, glavno mesto |trans-title=Ljubljana, the Capital |date=June 2006 |publisher=Statistics and Analysis Service, Information Center, City Administration, City Municipality of Ljubljana |accessdate=7 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319063707/http://www.ljubljana.si/file/32397/ljubljana-2006.pdf |archivedate=19 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Ljubljana Castle]], which sits atop [[Castle Hill (Ljubljana)|Castle Hill]] ({{lang|sl|''Grajski grič''}}) south of the city center, has an elevation of {{convert|366|m|ft|sp=us}}. The highest point of the city, called [[Grmada (Ljubljana)|Grmada]], reaches {{convert|676|m|ft|sp=us}}, {{convert|3|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=on}} more than the nearby [[Mount Saint Mary]] ({{lang|sl|''Šmarna gora''}}) peak, a popular hiking destination.<ref name="Geopedia2012-01-30">{{cite web |url=http://geopedia.si/#T105_L410_F10110084_x459056_y109604_s15_b4 |title=Settlements: Ljubljana |publisher=Geopedia.si |accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.burger.si/SmarnaGora/uvod_ENG.html |title=Šmarna gora |work=Slovenia-Landmarks |first=Boštjan |last=Burger |accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref> These are located in the northern part of the city.<ref name="Geopedia2012-01-30" /> {{wide image|Ljubljana Ljubljanski Grad-Ljubljana Castle -Sever North.jpg|900px|View to the north from [[Ljubljana Castle]] with the [[Karawanks]] (left), Mount Saint Mary (center), and [[Kamnik–Savinja Alps]] (right) in the background}} {{wide image|Ljubljana Ljubljanski Grad-Ljubljana Castle - jug south.jpg|900px|View to the south from [[Ljubljana Castle]] with the [[Ljubljana Marshes]] in the back. The building density there is substantially lower due to unsuitable ground for construction.}} Line 257: The central square in Ljubljana is [[Prešeren Square]] ({{lang|sl|''Prešernov trg''}}) where the [[Franciscan Church of the Annunciation]] ({{lang|sl|''Frančiškanska cerkev''}}) is located. Built between 1646 and 1660 (the belltowers following later), it replaced an older Gothic church on the same site. The layout takes the form of an early-Baroque basilica with one nave and two rows of lateral chapels. The Baroque main altar was executed by the sculptor Francesco Robba. Much of the original frescos were ruined by the cracks in the ceiling caused by the [[1895 Ljubljana earthquake|Ljubljana earthquake in 1895]]. The new frescos were painted by the Slovene [[impressionist]] painter [[Matej Sternen]]. [[Ljubljana Castle]] (''Ljubljanski grad'') is a medieval castle with [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], and [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] architectural elements, located on the summit of [[Castle Hill (Ljubljana)|Castle Hill]], which dominates the city center.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.si/books?id=Q-tXAAAAMAAJ |title=Vsi slovenski gradovi: leksikon slovenske grajske zapuščine |language=Slovenian |trans-title=All Slovenian Castles: The Lexicon of the Slovenian Castle Heritage |first=Ivan |last=Jakič |year=1997 |isbn=9788634117714 |publisher=Državna založba Slovenije [National Publishing House] |page=192}}</ref> The area surrounding today's castle has been continuously inhabited since 1200 BC.<ref name="LubljanaCastle">{{cite web|url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/sights/castle/default.html |title=Ljubljanski grad / Ljubljana Castle |accessdate=30 July 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502132830/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/sights/castle/default.html |archivedate=2 May 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The castle was built in the 12th century and was a residence of the [[Margrave]]s, later the [[Duchy of Carniola|Dukes of Carniola]].<ref>[http://www.ljubljana-calling.com/ENG/inCallingZnGrad.php Ljubljana Calling/Sightseeing/Ljubljana Castle] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202145822/http://www.ljubljana-calling.com/ENG/inCallingZnGrad.php |date=2 February 2014 }}</ref> The castle's Viewing Tower dates to 1848; this was inhabited by a guard whose duty it was to fire cannons warning the city in case of fire or announcing important visitors or events, a function the castle still holds today.<ref name="LubljanaCastle"/> Cultural events and weddings also take place there.<ref name="LubljanaFestival">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljanafestival.si/en/ljubljana_castle/history/|title=Festival Ljubljana |accessdate=30 July 2008}}</ref> Since 2006, a [[Ljubljana Castle funicular|funicular]] has linked the city center to the castle atop the hill.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/news/75611/detail.html |title=5 Years of the Funicular Railway to the Castle |date=28 December 2011 |publisher=City Municipality of Ljubljana |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313112641/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/news/75611/detail.html |archivedate=13 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[File:StNicholas-Ljubljana.JPG|thumb|Ljubljana Cathedral.]] Line 290: [[File:VidGajsek - Copova bottomup.jpg|thumb|Čop Street.]] [[File:Ljubljana stritarjeva ulica.jpg|thumb|Stritar Street with Robba fountain.]] Existing already in the 18th century, the Ljubljana central square, the [[Prešeren Square (Ljubljana)|Prešeren Square]]'s modern appearance has developed since the end of the 19th century. After the 1895 earthquake, [[Max Fabiani]] designed the square as the hub of four streets and four banks, and in the 1980s, [[Edvard Ravnikar]] proposed the circular design and the granite block pavement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slovenia.info/?arhitekturne_znamenitosti=765&lng=1 |title=Ljubljana, Tromostovje |work=WWW.slovenia.info |publisher=Slovenian Tourist Board |accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-YLJCEM5D/ |title=Prešernov trg v Ljubljani |first=Breda |last=Mihelič |language=Slovenian, English|trans-title=Prešeren Square in Ljubljana |journal=Zbornik za umetnostno zgodovino [Collection of Art History Papers] |year=1999 |volume=35 |pages=94–131}}</ref> A statue of the Slovene [[List of national poets|national poet]] [[France Prešeren]] with a [[muse]] stands in the middle of the square. The [[Prešeren Monument (Ljubljana)|Prešeren Monument]] was created by [[Ivan Zajec]] in 1905, whereas the pedestal was designed by Max Fabiani. The square and surroundings have been closed to traffic since 1 September 2007.<ref name="caf">{{cite book | [[Republic Square (Ljubljana)|Republic Square]], at first named Revolution Square, is the largest square in Ljubljana.<ref name="DEDITR">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/210-trg-republike |title=Trg republike |trans-title=Republic Square |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] |first1=Alenka |last1=Bartulovič |editor1-first=Mateja |editor1-last=Šmid Hribar |editor2-first=Gregor |editor2-last=Golež |editor3-first=Dan |editor3-last=Podjed |editor4-first=Drago |editor4-last=Kladnik |editor5-first=Bojan |editor5-last=Erhartič |editor6-first=Primož |editor6-last=Pavlin |editor7-first=Jerele |editor7-last=Ines |accessdate=23 May 2012 |language=Slovenian}}</ref> It was designed in the second half of the 20th century by Edvard Ravnikar.<ref name="DEDITR"/> On 26 June 1991, the independence of Slovenia was declared here.<ref name="DEDITR"/> The [[National Assembly Building of Slovenia|National Assembly Building]] stands at its northern side, and [[Cankar Hall]], the largest Slovenian cultural and congress center, at the southern side.<ref name="DEDITR"/> At its eastern side stands the two-storey building of [[Maximarket]], also work of Ravnikar. It houses one of the oldest department stores in Ljubljana and a cafe, which is a popular meeting place and a place of political talks and negotiations.<ref name="DEDITR2">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/211-veleblagovnica-maximarket |title=Veleblagovnica Maximarket |trans-title=Maximarket Department Store |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] |first1=Alenka |last1=Bartulovič |editor1-first=Mateja |editor1-last=Šmid Hribar |editor2-first=Gregor |editor2-last=Golež |editor3-first=Dan |editor3-last=Podjed |editor4-first=Drago |editor4-last=Kladnik |editor5-first=Bojan |editor5-last=Erhartič |editor6-first=Primož |editor6-last=Pavlin |editor7-first=Jerele |editor7-last=Ines |accessdate=23 May 2012 |language=Slovenian}}</ref> Line 313: ====The Hradecky Bridge==== The [[Hradecky Bridge]] is one of the first [[hinged bridge]]s in the world,<ref name="ARCH126">{{cite conference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7ywmb24EQMC&pg=PA126 |title=World Famous Arch Bridges in Slovenia: 6. Cast Iron Single-Hinged Arch Bridge in Ljubljana (1867) |first=Gorazd |last=Humar |date=September 2001 |publisher=Presses des Ponts |booktitle=Arch'01: troisième Conférence internationale sur les ponts en arc Paris: |editor=Charles Abdunur |pages=126 |location=Paris |isbn=2859783474}}</ref> the first<ref name="Slivnik2010">{{cite journal|url=http://www.fa.uni-lj.si/filelib/9_ar/2010/ar_2010_1_clanki_lara_slivnik.pdf |title=Zgradbe z železno oziroma jekleno konstrukcijo v Sloveniji |language=Slovenian, English |trans-title=Buildings with iron and steel structures in Slovenia |first=Lara |last=Slivnik |year=2010 |issue=1 |journal=AR: Arhitektura, raziskave [Architecture, Research] |issn=1581-6974 |editor=Juvanec, Borut |publisher=Inštitut za arhitekturo in prostor, Fakulteta za arhitekturo, Univerza v Ljubljani [Institute for Architecture and Space, Faculty of Architecture, University of Ljubljana] |pages=38–39 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730145753/https://www.fa.uni-lj.si/filelib/9_ar/2010/ar_2010_1_clanki_lara_slivnik.pdf |archivedate=30 July 2013 |df= }}</ref> the only preserved [[cast iron]] bridge in Slovenia,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geopedia.si/?params=T105_L7644_F293#T105_L7644_F293_x463610_y101049_s17_b4 |title=Točke Poljanskega predmestja |at=Hradeckega most [Hradecky Bridge] |language=Slovenian |trans-title=The Points of the Poljane Suburb |work=Geopedia.si |publisher=Synergise, d. o. o.}}</ref> and one of its most highly valued technical achievements.<ref name="LJ2011-05-12">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/news/72280/detail.html |title=Hradecki Bridge |date=12 May 2011 |work=Ljubljana.si |publisher=Municipality of Ljubljana |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319065715/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/news/72280/detail.html |archivedate=19 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Trbižan2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.delo.si/druzba/znanost/tretje-zivljenje-mostu-hradeckega-cez-ljubljanico.html |title=Tretje življenje mostu Hradeckega čez Ljubljanico |language=Slovenian |trans-title=The Third Life of the Hradecky Bridge over the Ljubljanica |date=12 May 2011 |first=Milan |last=Trbižan |newspaper=Delo.si |issn=1854-6544 |id={{COBISS|ID=256579584}}}}</ref> It has been situated on an extension of [[Hren Street (Ljubljana)|Hren Street]] ({{lang|sl|''Hrenova ulica''}}), between the [[Krakovo Embankment]] ({{lang|sl|''Krakovski nasip''}}) and the [[Gruden Embankment]] ({{lang|sl|''Grudnovo nabrežje''}}), connecting the [[Trnovo District]] and the [[Prule]] neighbourhood in the [[Center District, Ljubljana|Center District]].<ref name="RKD365">{{cite web|url=http://giskd2s.situla.org/rkd/Opis.asp?Esd=365 |title=365: Ljubljana – Hradeckega most |language=Slovenian |trans-title=365: Ljubljana – The Hradecky Bridge |work=Registry of the Immovable Cultural Heritage |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Slovenia |accessdate=13 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319064442/https://giskd2s.situla.org/rkd/Opis.asp?Esd=365 |archivedate=19 March 2013 |df= }}</ref> The Hradecky Bridge was manufactured according to the plans of the senior engineer [[Johann Hermann (engineer)|Johann Hermann]] from Vienna in the [[Auersperg iron foundry, Dvor|Auersperg iron foundry]] in [[Dvor, Žužemberk|Dvor near Žužemberk]],<ref name="Trbižan2011"/> and installed in Ljubljana in 1867, at the location of today's [[Cobblers' Bridge]].<ref name="Geopedia.si">{{cite book |url=http://www.geopedia.si/?params=T105_L7452_F1330#T105_L7452_F1330_x462113_y100591_s17_b4 |title=Prestolnica Ljubljana nekoč in danes: Čevljarski most |trans-title=A pictorial chronicle of a capital city: Shoemaker's Bridge |work=Geopedia.si |first=Marko |last=Habič |publisher=National Publishing House of Slovenia. Sinergise, d. o. o. |year=1997 |isbn=8634120074}}</ref> [[File:Love padlocks at Butchers' Bridge (Ljubljana).JPG|thumb|Butchers' Bridge [[love lock]]s.]] Line 335: [[File:Slovenian Railway Museum 2010.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Interior of the Slovenian Railway Museum]] [[File:NationalGallery-Ljubljana.JPG|thumb|left|Main building of the Slovenian National Gallery]] Ljubljana has numerous [[art museum|art galleries]] and museums. The first purpose-built art gallery in Ljubljana was the [[Jakopič Pavilion]], which was in the first half of the 20th century the central exhibition venue of Slovene artists. In the early 1960s, it was succeeded by the [[Ljubljana City Art Gallery]], which has presented a number of modern Slovene and foreign artists. In 2010, there were 14 museums and 56 art galleries in Ljubljana.<ref name="InNumbers">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/ljubljana-in-numbers/ |title=Ljubljana in Figures |publisher=City Municipality of Ljubljana |accessdate=23 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419120715/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/ljubljana-in-numbers |archivedate=19 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> There is for example an architecture museum, [[Slovenian Railway Museum|a railway museum]], a school museum, a sports museum, a museum of modern art, a museum of contemporary art, a [[Pivovarna Union|brewery museum]], the [[Slovenian Museum of Natural History]] and the Slovene Ethnographic Museum.<ref name="Pointinteret"/> The [[National Gallery of Slovenia|National Gallery]] ({{lang|sl|''Narodna galerija''}}), founded in 1918,<ref name="Histo5"/> and the [[Museum of Modern Art (Ljubljana)|Museum of Modern Art]] ({{lang|sl|''Moderna galerija''}}) exhibit the [[List of Slovenian artists|most influential Slovenian artists]]. In 2006, the museums received 264,470 visitors, the galleries 403,890 and the theatres 396,440.<ref name="InNumbers"/> The [[Metelkova Museum of Contemporary Art]] ({{lang|sl|''Muzej sodobne umetnosti Metelkova''}}), opened in 2011,<ref>Ginanne Brownell (2 December 2011), [http://travel.nytimes.com/2011/12/03/arts/03iht-rartljub03.html New Museum Opens for the Avant-Garde], ''[[New York Times]]''</ref> hosts various simultaneous exhibitions, a research library, archives, and a bookshop. ===Entertainment and performing arts=== Line 393: A number of sport venues are located in Tivoli Park. An outdoor swimming pool in Tivoli, constructed by Bloudek in 1929, was the first [[Olympic-size swimming pool]] in Yugoslavia. Currently, the [[Tivoli Recreational Center]] in Tivoli is Ljubljana's largest recreational center and has three swimming pools, saunas, a Boules court, a health club, and other facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitljubljana.com/en/directory/sports-recreation-wellness/1662/detail.html |title=Tivoli Sports Park |work=Www.visitljubljana.com |publisher=Ljubljana Tourism |accessdate=14 May 2012}}</ref> There are two skating rinks, a basketball court, a winter ice rink, and ten tennis courts in its outdoor area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport-ljubljana.si/park-tivoli/o-parku-tivoli/ |title=Park Tivoli: O Parku Tivoli |trans-title=Tivoli Park: About Tivoli Park |work=Www.sport-ljubljana.si |year=2011 |accessdate=14 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422143619/http://www.sport-ljubljana.si/park-tivoli/o-parku-tivoli/ |archivedate=22 April 2012 }}</ref> The [[Tivoli Hall]] consists of two halls. The smaller one accepts 4,050 spectators and is used for basketball matches. The larger one can accommodate 6,000 spectators and is primarily used for hockey, but also for basketball matches. The halls are also used for concerts and other cultural events. The [[Slovenian Olympic Committee]] has its office in the building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dogaja.se/druzabni-kraji/6696/hala_tivoli/ |title=Hala Tivoli – športna dvorana |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Tivoli Hall – Sports Hall |accessdate=14 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128053617/http://www.dogaja.se/druzabni-kraji/6696/hala_tivoli/ |archivedate=28 January 2010 }}</ref> The [[Tacen Whitewater Course]], located on a course on the Sava, {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=off|sp=us}} northwest of the city center, hosts a major international canoe/kayak slalom competition almost every year, examples being the [[ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships]] in [[1955 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships|1955]], [[1991 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships|1991]], and [[2010 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships|2010]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wc-tacen.si/3/?pID=55 |title=Tacen White Water Slalom Course |accessdate=21 February 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006090536/http://www.wc-tacen.si/3/?pID=55 |archivedate=6 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Since the 1940s,<ref name="SDDolomiti2012-01-05"/> a [[ski slope]] has been in use in [[Gunclje]],<ref name="APG2012-05-02OP">{{cite web |url=http://ski.element.si/default.asp?mID=menu_smucisce&pID={f14f886f-6700-451c-998f-9a599266a7a3} |title=Osnovni podatki smučišča |language=Slovene |trans-title=Basic Data About the Ski Slope |work=Alpski poligon Gunclje |accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> in the northwestern part of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ski.element.si/default.asp?pid=smucisce |title=Smučišče |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Ski Slope |work=Alpski poligon Gunclje |accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> It is {{convert|600|m|sp=us}} long and has two ski lifts, its maximum incline is 60° and the difference in height from the top to the bottom is {{convert|155|m|sp=us}}.<ref name="APG2012-05-02OP"/> Five [[ski jumping hill]]s stand near the ski slope.<ref name="SDDolomiti2012-01-05"/> Several Slovenian Olympic and World Cup medalists trained and competed there.<ref name="SDDolomiti2012-01-05"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ventilatorbesed.com/?opcija=kom_clanki&oce=47&id=3014 |title=Primož Peterka – prvi Slovenec, ki je preskočil magično mejo |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Primož Peterka – the First Slovene Who Jumper Over the Magic Limit |date=14 October 2011 |journal=Ventilator besed – revija za kulturo in izobraževanje}}</ref> In addition, the Arena Triglav complex of six jumping hills is located in the [[Šiška District]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.szlj.si/novice/1212 |title=Revija smučarskih skokov v Mostecu |language=Slovenian |trans-title=A Ski Jumping Show in Mostec |publisher=Sports Society of Ljubljana |date=9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cssiska.si/pdf/dan_css.pdf |title=Vabilo na prireditve ob dnevu Četrtne skupnosti Šiška in evropske dnevu sosedov |language=Slovenian |trans-title=The Invitation to the Events on the Day of the District Community of Šiška and the European Day of Neighbours |publisher=District Community of Šiška |year=2011 |accessdate=6 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69Rmcf5bK?url=http://www.cssiska.si/pdf/dan_css.pdf |archivedate= 26 July 2012 }}</ref> A ski jumping hill, build in 1954 upon the plans by [[Stanko Bloudek]], was located in Šiška near [[Vodnik Street]] ({{lang|sl|''Vodnikova cesta''}}) until 1976. International competitions for the [[Kongsberg Cup]] were held there, attended by thousands of spectators.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnevnik.si/novice/neverjetno/1042512406 |title=Neverjetno: Orli nad Šiško |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Incredible: Eagles Above Šiška |date=25 February 2012 |publisher=Dnevnik.si}}</ref> The ice rinks in Ljubljana include [[Koseze Pond]] and Tivoli Hall. In addition, in the 19th century and the early 20th century, [[Tivoli Pond]] and a marshy meadow in [[Trnovo, Ljubljana|Trnovo]], named Kern, were used for ice skating.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-AO1BR6T0 |title=Kern – Trnovsko drsališče |first=Albert |last=Sič |year=1939 |journal=Kronika slovenskih mest |volume=6 |issue=4 |oclc=300063354}}</ref> Line 402: Industry remains the most important employer, notably in the [[pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceuticals]], [[petrochemical]]s and [[food industry|food processing]].<ref name="InfoIntro"/> Other fields include banking, finance, transport, construction, skilled trades and services and tourism. The public sector provides jobs in education, culture, [[health care]] and local administration.<ref name="InfoIntro"/> The [[Ljubljana Stock Exchange]] ({{lang|sl|''Ljubljanska borza''}}), purchased in 2008 by the [[Wiener Börse|Vienna Stock Exchange]],<ref name="Bourse Vienne">{{cite web|url= http://www.sloveniatimes.com/en/inside.cp2?uid=DCC97754-19B6-64BF-BC26-9760B7F88908&linkid=news&cid=ED4C6575-3589-840B-A072-1B6760015E2E |title=Austrians Buy Ljubljana Stock Exchange |accessdate=31 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090111114616/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/en/inside.cp2?uid=DCC97754-19B6-64BF-BC26-9760B7F88908&linkid=news&cid=ED4C6575-3589-840B-A072-1B6760015E2E |archivedate=11 January 2009 }}</ref> deals with large Slovenian companies. Some of these have their headquarters in the capital: for example, the [[chain store|retail chain]] [[Mercator (retail)|Mercator]], the [[Petroleum industry|oil company]] [[Petrol d.d.]] and the telecommunications concern [[Telekom Slovenije]].<ref name="Bourse Ljubljana">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljse.si/cgi-bin/jve.cgi?doc=%208373&sid=qaKUUjazRohwRuAP |title=Ljubljanska borza d.d. |accessdate=31 July 2008}}</ref> Over 15,000 enterprises operate in the city, most of them in the [[tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]].<ref name="Tertiaire Ljubljana">{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/4997 |title=Ljubljana: economic center of Slovenia |accessdate=31 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608140330/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/4997 |archivedate=8 June 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Numerous companies and over 450 shops are located in the [[BTC City]], the largest business, shopping, recreational, entertainment and cultural center in Slovenia. It is visited each year by 21 million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.info/shopping/btc/ |title=BTC City, Ljubljana |publisher=Ljubljana.info |accessdate=22 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana-life.com/shop/shops_details/60-BTC_City |title=Ljubljana Life: BTC City |publisher=Lifeboat Limited |accessdate=22 December 2010}}</ref> It occupies an area of {{convert|475000|m2|sp=us}} in the [[Moste, Ljubljana|Moste District]] in the eastern part of Ljubljana.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.revijakapital.com/kapital/novice.php?rubrika_id=1&novica=13106 |title=20 let od otvoritve prve trgovine na območju BTC CITY Ljubljana |language=Slovenian |trans-title=20 Years Since the Opening of the First Shop in the BTC CITY Ljubljana Area |journal=[[Kapital (magazine)|Kapital]] |publisher=Kapital Publishing Company |date=4 October 2010 |accessdate=22 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Zgodovina nakupovalnih centrov |trans-title=A History of Shopping Centers |first=Tomaž |last=Martinek |year=2007 |publisher=Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana |language=Slovenian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://geo.ff.uni-lj.si/pisnadela/pdfs/dipl_200705_anja_sulin.pdf |title=Preobrazba industrijskih območij v Mestni občini Ljubljana |language=Slovenian |trans-title=The Transformation of Industrial Areas in the City Municipality of Ljubljana |year=2007 |first=Anja |last=Šulin |publisher=Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana |accessdate=22 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328012020/http://geo.ff.uni-lj.si/pisnadela/pdfs/dipl_200705_anja_sulin.pdf |archivedate=28 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> About 74% of Ljubljana households use [[district heating]] from the [[Ljubljana Power Station]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.greenljubljana.com/funfacts/district-heating-systems |title=District heating systems|date=19 June 2015|publisher= |accessdate=30 September 2017}}</ref> Line 411: The city of Ljubljana is governed by the [[City Municipality of Ljubljana]] ({{lang-sl|Mestna občina Ljubljana}}; MOL), which is led by the city council. The president of the city council is called the mayor. Members of the city council and the mayor are elected in the local election, held every four years. Among other roles, the city council drafts the municipal budget, and is assisted by various boards active in the fields of health, sports, finances, education, [[environmental movement|environmental protection]] and tourism.<ref name="Commissions">{{cite web|url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/council/boards/default.html |title=Boards of the City Council |accessdate=31 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110131314/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/council/boards/default.html |archivedate=10 January 2008 }}</ref> The municipality is subdivided into 17 districts represented by district councils. They work with the municipality council to make known residents' suggestions and prepare activities in their territories.<ref name="Districts">{{cite web|url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/districts/default.html |title=District authorities |accessdate=31 July 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412032307/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/districts/default.html |archivedate=12 April 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.uradni-list.si/1/objava.jsp?urlurid=2001381 |title=Spremembe in dopolnitve statuta Mestne občine Ljubljana |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Amendments and Completions of the Statute of the City Municipality of Ljubljana |newspaper=Official Gazette}}</ref> Between 2002 and 2006, [[Danica Simšič]] was mayor of the municipality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/zupani/1911/danica-simsic/ |title=Danica Simšič 2002 |publisher=City Municipality of Ljubljana |accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref> Since the municipal elections of 22 October 2006 until his confirmation as a deputy in the [[National Assembly (Slovenia)|National Assembly of Slovenian]] in December 2011, [[Zoran Janković (politician)|Zoran Janković]], previously the managing director of the [[Mercator (retail)|Mercator retail chain]], was the mayor of Ljubljana. In 2006, he won 62.99% of the popular vote.<ref name="Maire">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/mayor/default.html |title=The Mayor of the City of Ljubljana |accessdate=31 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918215935/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/mayor/default.html |archivedate=18 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 10 October 2010, Janković was re-elected for another four-year term with 64.79% of the vote. From 2006 until October 2010, the majority on the city council (the [[Zoran Janković List]]) held 23 of 45 seats.<ref name="Maire"/> On 10 October 2010, Janković's list won 25 out of 45 seats in the city council. From December 2011 onwards, when Janković's list won the [[Slovenian parliamentary election, 2011|early parliamentary election]], the deputy mayor [[Aleš Čerin]] was decided by him to lead the municipality. Čerin did not hold the post of mayor.<ref name="Dnevnik2012-02-01">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnevnik.si/novice/slovenija/1042506738 |title=Čerin ljubljansko občino trenutno vodi v neskladju s statutom |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Čerin is Currently Leading the Ljubljana Municipality in Discrepancy with its Statute |newspaper=Dnevnik.si |date=1 February 2012}}</ref> After Janković had failed to be elected as the Prime Minister in the [[National Assembly (Slovenia)|National Assembly]], he participated at the mayoral by-election on 25 March 2012 and was elected for the third time with 61% of the vote. He retook the leadership of the city council on 11 April 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&id=1746295 |title=Janković Sworn In as Ljubljana Mayor Again |date=11 April 2012 |publisher=Slovenian Press Agency |work=English Service: News}}</ref> Public order in Ljubljana is enforced by the [[Ljubljana Police Directorate]] ({{lang|sl|''Policijska uprava Ljubljana''}}).<ref name="Police">{{cite web|url=http://www.policija.si/portal_en/organiziranost/pu/lj/index.php |archive-url=https://archive.is/20080620143121/http://www.policija.si/portal_en/organiziranost/pu/lj/index.php |dead-url=yes |archive-date=20 June 2008 |title=Police directorate Ljubljana |accessdate=1 February 2012 }}</ref> There are five areal police stations and four sectoral police stations in Ljubljana.<ref name="PDL">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/file/954611/9.-toka---predstavitev-varnostnih-razmer.pdf |title=Varnostne razmere na območju Mestne občine Ljubljana v obdobju 2005 – 2010 |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Safety Situation in the Area of the City Municipality of Ljubljana in the 2005–2010 Period |publisher=Police Directorate of Ljubljana, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of Slovenia |date=March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319065629/http://www.ljubljana.si/file/954611/9.-toka---predstavitev-varnostnih-razmer.pdf |archivedate=19 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Public order and municipal traffic regulations are also supervised by the [[Traffic wardens (Ljubljana)|city traffic wardens]] ({{lang|sl|''Mestno redarstvo''}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/administration/offences-departments/wardens/ |title=City traffic wardens |accessdate=14 September 2010 |publisher=City Municipality of Ljubljana |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318073834/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/administration/offences-departments/wardens/ |archivedate=18 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Ljubljana has a quiet and secure reputation.<ref name="PDL"/><ref name="securite">{{cite web|url=http://www.var.fr/dispatch.do?sectionId=site/page_d_accueil_10772717277503/le_var_10772717703904/les_varois_dans_le_monde_1191224486801284/conseils___bons_plans_1191224797342285/slov_nie_1191225455611299&showSection=site/page_d_accueil_10772717277503/le_var_10772717703904/les_varois_dans_le_monde_1191224486801284/conseils___bons_plans_1191224797342285/slov_nie_1191225455611299 |title=Precautions to take |accessdate=31 July 2008 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118052528/http://www.var.fr/dispatch.do?sectionId=site%2Fpage_d_accueil_10772717277503%2Fle_var_10772717703904%2Fles_varois_dans_le_monde_1191224486801284%2Fconseils___bons_plans_1191224797342285%2Fslov_nie_1191225455611299&showSection=site%2Fpage_d_accueil_10772717277503%2Fle_var_10772717703904%2Fles_varois_dans_le_monde_1191224486801284%2Fconseils___bons_plans_1191224797342285%2Fslov_nie_1191225455611299 |archivedate=18 November 2008 |df= }}</ref> ==Demographics== Line 423: <div class="center"> '''Demographic evolution<ref name="Pipp"/><ref>{{cite book |url=http://geo2.ff.uni-lj.si/pisnadela/pdfs/dipl_201111_maja_bohnec_kogoj.pdf |title=Raba tal in spreminjanje meje Mestne občine Ljubljana |language=Slovenian |trans-title=The Use of Soil and Changes of the Borders of the City Municipality of Ljubljana |first=Maja |last=Bohnec Kogoj |year=2011 |publisher=Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730124917/http://geo2.ff.uni-lj.si/pisnadela/pdfs/dipl_201111_maja_bohnec_kogoj.pdf |archivedate=30 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://193.2.17.2/publikacije/prenos/?urn=SISTORY:ID:1555 |title=Življenje Ljubljančanov med drugo svetovno vojno |language=Slovenian |trans-title=The life of the Ljubljana Inhabitants During World War II |first=Mojca |last=Šorn |publisher=Institute of Modern History |year=2007 |ISBN=978-961-6386-12-8 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.stat.si/doc/pub/mestna_naselja_slo_03.pdf |title=Mestna naselja v Republiki Sloveniji |language=Slovenian, English|trans-title=Urban Settlement in the Republic of Slovenia, 2003 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |year=2004 |page=53}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/krajevnaimena/pregledi_naselja_najvecja_prebivalci.asp?tlist=off&txtIme=LJUBLJANA&selNacin=celo&selTip=naselja&ID=2370 |title=Največja naselja po številu prebivalcev |language=Slovenian, English|trans-title=Largest settlements by number of residents |publisher=stat.si |accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>''' {|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:80%; border:0; text-align:center; line-height:120%;" |- Line 523: ===Rail transport=== In the [[Ljubljana Rail Hub]], the [[Pan-European corridors|Pan-European railway corridors]] [[Pan-European Corridor V|V]] (the fastest link between the North Adriatic, and Central and Eastern Europe)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/transport/slovenia_a_country_at_the_crossroads_of_transport_links/ |title=Slovenia, a Country at the Crossroads of Transport Links |publisher=Government Communication Office, Republic of Slovenia |date=November 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708045103/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/transport/slovenia_a_country_at_the_crossroads_of_transport_links/ |archivedate=8 July 2012 }}</ref> and [[Pan-European Corridor X|X]] (linking Central Europe with the Balkans)<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.iccr-international.org/code-ten/docs/codeten-corridor10.pdf |title=Corridor X – Case Study |volume=1 |publisher=CODE–TEN |author=Siarov, Veselin. Ahmed, Moustafa |date=February 1999}}</ref> and the [[main line (railway)|main]] European lines (E 65, E 69, E 70) intersect.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.slo-zeleznice.si/uploads/SZ/program_omrezja_2009_EN/Prva_verzija/Network_Statement_RS_2009.doc |chapter=Extent of PRI |page=25 |title=Network Statement of the Republic of Slovenia 2009 |date=December 2007 |authors=Pšenica, Peter. Pangerc, Jože |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208102330/http://www.slo-zeleznice.si/en/passengers/slovenia/across-slovenia/city-pass |archivedate=8 February 2012 }}</ref> All international transit trains in Slovenia drive through the Ljubljana hub, and all international passenger trains stop there.<ref name="oDPN2010-03">{{cite book |url=http://arhiv.mm.gov.si/mop/javno/zeleznisko_vozlisce_ljubljana/1_tekstualni_del/12_uredba/oDPN_Zeleznica_100323.pdf ===Roads=== Line 533: [[File:Ljubljanski mestni avtobus.jpg|thumbnail|Older type of city bus on the streets of Ljubljana.]] The [[Ljubljana Bus Station]], the Ljubljana central bus hub, is located next to the Ljubljana railway station. The city bus network, run by the [[Ljubljana Passenger Transport]] (''LPP'') company, is Ljubljana's most widely used means of [[public transport]]. The fleet is relatively modern. The number of dedicated bus lines is limited, which can cause problems in peak hours when traffic becomes congested.<ref name="ECORYS2011">{{cite book |url=http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/evaluation/pdf/evasltrat_tran/slovenia.pdf |chapter=Situation per mode of transport |title=Study on Strategic Evaluation on Transport Investment Priorities under Structural and Cohesion funds for the Programming Period 2007–2013 |date=August 2006 |publisher=ECORYS Nederland BV}}</ref> Bus rides may be paid with the [[Urbana (payment card)|Urbana payment card]] (also used for the funicular) or with a [[mobile payment|mobile phone]]. Sometimes the buses are called ''trole'' (referring to [[trolley pole]]s), harking back to the 1951–71 days when Ljubljana had [[trolleybus]] (''trolejbus'') service.<ref name="Izgubljena">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnevnik.si/tiskane_izdaje/dnevnik/1042403604 |title=Izgubljena Ljubljana |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Lost Ljubljana |first=Nenad |last=Pataky |newspaper=Dnevnik |date=17 November 2010}}</ref> There were five [[Ljubljana trolleybus system|trolleybus lines in Ljubljana]], until 1958 alongside the tram.<ref name="Nebec">{{cite book |url=http://www.bb-kranj.si/doc/diplome/Nebec_Damjan-Analiza_placilnega_sistema_v_LPP.pdf |title=Analiza plačilnega sistema v LPP |language=Slovenian, German |trans-title=An Analysis of the Payment System in the LPP |first=Damjan |last=Nebec |publisher=B&B education and training |date=March 2010 |pages=10–11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803073742/http://www.bb-kranj.si/doc/diplome/Nebec_Damjan-Analiza_placilnega_sistema_v_LPP.pdf |archivedate=3 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> There are numerous taxi companies in the city, but their services have been evaluated as bad.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://delo.si/clanek/184669 |title=Če je taksi ogledalo mesta, je Ljubljana daleč od lepotice |language=Slovenian |trans-title=If the Taxi is the Mirror of the City, Ljubljana Is Far from Being a Beauty |newspaper=Delo.si |date=16 November 2011 |first=Rok |last=Šinkovc |issn=1854-6544}}</ref> Line 542: There is a considerable amount of [[bicycle]] traffic in Ljubljana, especially in the warmer months of the year. It is also possible to rent a bike. Since May 2011, the [[BicikeLJ]], a self-service [[Bicycle sharing system|bicycle rental]] system offers the residents and visitors of Ljubljana 300 bicycles and 600 parking spots at 31 stations in the wider city center area. The daily number of rentals is around 2,500.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&id=1659068 |title=Ljubljana Rent-a-Bike Network Gaining in Popularity |date=24 July 2011 |publisher=STA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?id=1635721 |title=Ljubljana Launches Public Bike Project |date=14 May 2011 |publisher=STA}}</ref> There was a possibility to rent a bike even before the establishment of BicikeLJ.<ref name="Transvelo">{{cite web|url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/tourist_services/lj-bike/default.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009205059/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/tourist_services/lj-bike/default.html |archivedate=9 October 2007 |title=Ljubljana Bike |accessdate=31 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> There are still some conditions for cyclists in Ljubljana that have been criticized as unfortunate to date. This refers to cycle lanes in poor condition and constructed in a way that motorized traffic is privileged. In contrast to other European capitals, on some of the main streets cycling is forbidden; for example, on part of [[Slovenska cesta]] (Slovene Street) and on a new link road on the [[Fabiani Bridge]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Innovatif |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/living-in-ljubljana/focus/78867/detail.html |title=Municipality of Ljubljana: Fabiani Bridge |publisher=Ljubljana.si |date=21 August 2012 |accessdate=19 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lublana.si/blog/ljubljana/2012/08/22/fabianijev-kolesarjem-ni-prijazen/ |title=Text and photo with bicycles forbidden sign |publisher=Lublana.si |date=22 August 2012 |accessdate=19 September 2012}}</ref> across the Ljubljanica River connecting Hrvatski trg and Roška cesta. There are also many one-way streets which therefore cannot be used as alternate routes so it is difficult to legally travel by bicycle through the city center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delo.si/novice/slovenija/razvajati-kolesarje-ne-avtomobiliste.html/ |author= Mateja Gruden |title=Delo (17. julij 2000): Razvajati kolesarje, ne avtomobiliste |publisher=delo.si |date=25 March 2012 |accessdate=24 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kolesarji.org/peticija-za-fabianijev-most/ |author=Ljubljanska kolesarska mreža |title=Peticija za Fabianijev most |publisher=kolesarji.org |date=12 June 2012 |accessdate=24 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824211642/https://kolesarji.org/peticija-za-fabianijev-most/ |archivedate=24 August 2012 |df= }}</ref> Through years, some prohibitions have been partially abolished by marking [[cycle lane]]s on the pavement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mladina.si/tednik/200029/clanek/i-kuscer/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010504065527/http://www.mladina.si/tednik/200029/clanek/i-kuscer/ |archivedate=4 May 2001 |title=Mladina (17. julij 2000): Kolesarski zmaji |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=9 January 2008 |accessdate=10 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lkm.kolesarji.org/besedila/LKM%20pobude%20za%20prijazno%20kolesarsko%20infrastrukturo.pdf |title=Ljubljanska kolesarska mreža (okt. 2010): Pobude za izboljšave v Ljubljanski kolesarski infrastrukturi, str. 2 |format=PDF |accessdate=10 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820050256/http://lkm.kolesarji.org/besedila/LKM%20pobude%20za%20prijazno%20kolesarsko%20infrastrukturo.pdf |archivedate=20 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Nevertheless, the situation has been steadily improving; in 2015, Ljubljana placed 13th in a ranking of the world's most bicycle-friendly cities.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sloveniatimes.com/survey-ranks-ljubljana-world-s-13th-most-bicycle-friendly-city|title= Survey Ranks Ljubljana World's 13th Most Bicycle-Friendly City|accessdate=30 June 2015 |date=30 June 2015 |work=Slovenia Times }}</ref> ===Water transport=== Line 555: ===Twin towns and sister cities=== Ljubljana is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="Ljubljana twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/twin_cities_association_-memberships/|title=Ljubljana’s twin cities|accessdate=27 July 2013|work=Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City) {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | |||
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