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If you’re thinking about adding extra lights, a bumping stereo system, or anything that needs lots of power to your car, you’re going to need a relay. A relay is a small piece of electrical equipment that enables you to operate high-power devices or accessories with the flip of a low-power switch. While it’s always best to have a mechanic do any electrical work on your vehicle, wiring a relay isn’t so complicated when you know how it works. In this article, we’ll review what a relay does and how to wire one safely, plus how to replace or install new ones in your vehicle. Let’s get started!
Things You Should Know
- Connect the relay’s 30 terminal to the vehicle battery’s positive terminal.
- Attach the relay’s 85 terminal to a nearby grounding spot on the vehicle’s engine or the battery’s negative terminal.
- Connect the 86 terminal to the switch that energizes the relay and operates the device or accessory you want to hook up.
- Attach the 87 terminal (and 87a terminal if there is one) to the device(s) you’re powering with the relay.
Steps
Wiring the Relay’s Terminals
- Use a relay and wires with the capacity for your vehicle and device. If you’re replacing a worn relay, this is simple—just use an identical relay to the one you’re ditching. Consult your vehicle’s service manual (not the owner’s manual) for specifications, or look at the outside of the relay. Most will have the voltage and amperage rating listed, and sometimes a usable part number to reference.[1]
- If you’re unsure you have the right relay, confirm what type you need at a car dealership, auto shop, or with a mechanic.[2]
- Confirm whether you need an SPST or SPDT relay and whether the large circuit needs to be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC) when the relay is at rest.
- If you’re adding a new relay system, consult an automotive amperage chart to determine the gauge of wires needed, and make sure the relay can handle the amount of power needed for your new device or accessory.
- Connect the car battery’s positive terminal to the relay's 30 terminal. Turn off the ignition, then double check that the battery-end of the wire is secure. If you’re connecting a new wire, attach it with a ground wire connector or use a screwdriver to loosen the battery’s screw terminal (just loop the exposed wire around it, then tighten the screw to secure the wire). Then, attach the other end to the relay with a wire crimper and blade connector.[3]
- Hold the exposed end of the wire against the blade connector, then slide both parts into the jaws of the wire crimper and press it closed to “fuse” the wire to the blade. Then, slide the blade connector onto the 30 terminal.
- The wire connecting the battery to the relay needs to run through a circuit breaker or fuse so the battery can’t overpower the relay and cause damage.[4]
- Each terminal on the relay is numbered. The diagram on the side of the relay may not perfectly represent the terminal locations on the bottom, so look for numbers next to the actual terminals when in doubt.
Advertisement - Attach a wire from the 85 terminal to a nearby grounding point.[5] Choose a grounding point close to the relay to connect to. Use a spot on the engine for most accessory relays—the engine block, cylinder head, intake manifold (if it’s aluminum or cast iron), or the transmission-to-engine bolt—and attach the wire with a ground wire connector.[6]
- Attach the other end of the wire to the 85 terminal with a wire crimper and blade connector.
- Use the battery’s negative terminal as a grounding point if the accessory you’re connecting isn’t sensitive to “background noise” (the other currents moving through the battery).
- This wire diverts power from the relay and into the metal frame of the car in case of a short circuit or other malfunction.
- Connect the switch to the 86 terminal on the relay. This terminal brings low power from the switch into the relay to energize the coiled electromagnet inside. If you’re replacing an existing relay, a wire will already be connected to the switch. If you’re adding a new relay system, the way you connect the wire to the switch depends on how the switch is built (some may come pre-wired).[7]
- In many cases, simply loop the exposed wire around a screw inside the switch, then tighten the screw to secure it.
- In relays where there is no safety resistor or diode present, the roles of terminals 85 and 86 are reversible.[8]
- Attach the 87 terminal on the relay to the device or accessory it powers. The wire connecting these 2 points carries power from the relay into the device to turn it on. Connect the relay-end of the wire to the terminal with a blade connector and wire crimper, just like on the other terminals. The exact method for wiring the device depends on the device (you may need a plug-in connector, a screwdriver, or other tools based on what it is and how much power it needs).[9]
- If you have an SPDT relay with a fifth terminal (87a), connect this to the appropriate device as well.
- Once all wires are securely fastened, the relay is ready for use.
- In some vehicles, there is a “ponytail” plug that gathers all 4 or 5 wires needed into one bundle. When these are present, just plug the relay into the bundle to connect all the wires.
Mounting a New Relay & Switch
- Mount a new relay between the switch and the device it powers. Find a location that minimizes the length of wires needed to connect your switch, relay, device, and car battery. If the wiring is external, attach a mounting bracket for automotive relays to a clear spot on the wall of the engine bay. If there’s no room or some of the wiring is internal, choose a spot underneath the dash on the driver’s side.[12]
- Some vehicles have a spare spot in the fuse bank or relay box to add another relay. In that case, you don’t have to mount one to the engine bay.
- Feed wires from the switch to the relay through the vehicle’s firewall. Look underneath the dashboard on the driver’s side—you’ll see a rubber grommet in the firewall that leads to the engine compartment (there may be a removable cover over it). To feed wires through it, just poke a hole in the rubber with a screwdriver, then slide the ends of the necessary wires through it from the passenger compartment side.[13]
- Use a long wire grabber to grab the ends of the wires once they’re through the firewall and pull them toward the relay.
- The wire connecting the switch to the relay will have to go through the firewall. The other wires that go through depend on whether the relay is inside or outside the engine compartment and where the device it’s powering is located.
- The firewall is what separates the engine compartment from the passenger compartment.
- Attach the switch to the driver’s side door with double-sided adhesive. Check the instructions on your switch or relay kit and your car’s service manual for the best way to mount or place it. In many cases, it’s fine to just stick the switch onto the door with double-sided adhesive for easier access (and to shorten the length of wire needed to reach the relay).[14]
Expert Q&A
Tips
Warnings
- Be careful not to drop or bump a relay. Internal damage can lead to burning or melting of the wiring (which can lead to failure or even fires). Don’t make any modifications to the relay for the same reasons.[20]Thanks
- Do not work with relays (or any electrical equipment) in a place with flammable or explosive gasses nearby, like gasoline or other fuels.[21]Thanks
References
- ↑ https://www.counterman.com/vehicle-electrical-systems-relays/
- ↑ https://youtu.be/QeHX61BC2h4?t=72
- ↑ https://www.hagerty.com/media/maintenance-and-tech/understanding-relays-part-2/
- ↑ https://www.motortrend.com/how-to/how-to-wire-an-electric-fan-with-a-relay/
- ↑ https://www.hagerty.com/media/maintenance-and-tech/understanding-relays-part-2/
- ↑ https://www.autometer.com/blog/the-best-place-to-ground-accessories/
- ↑ https://www.hagerty.com/media/maintenance-and-tech/understanding-relays-part-2/
- ↑ https://www.counterman.com/vehicle-electrical-systems-relays/
- ↑ https://www.hagerty.com/media/maintenance-and-tech/understanding-relays-part-2/
- ↑ https://youtu.be/QeHX61BC2h4?t=36
- ↑ https://www.thedrive.com/maintenance-repair/36048/how-to-test-a-relay
- ↑ https://www.onallcylinders.com/2014/05/09/ask-away-jeff-smith-relays-work-whats-best-way-install/
- ↑ https://youtu.be/qRTO_XDNHHY?t=62
- ↑ https://www.nvautoparts.com/how-to-wire-a-relay-for-your-off-road-led-lights/
- ↑ https://www.electronicshub.org/what-is-relay-and-how-it-works/
- ↑ https://www.counterman.com/vehicle-electrical-systems-relays/
- ↑ https://www.hagerty.com/media/maintenance-and-tech/understanding-relays-part-2/
- ↑ https://www.hagerty.com/media/maintenance-and-tech/understanding-relays-part-2/
- ↑ https://www.counterman.com/vehicle-electrical-systems-relays/
- ↑ https://www.thedrive.com/maintenance-repair/36048/how-to-test-a-relay
- ↑ https://www.thedrive.com/maintenance-repair/36048/how-to-test-a-relay
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