How to Test Hardness of a Mineral

If you want to identify a mineral, a hardness test can give you valuable information. You'll probably need to do a scratch test to in order to find what minerals are harder than your sample. Then, you can refer to the Mohs hardness scale, which ranks common minerals by hardness. This scale was developed over 200 years ago and it's still the accepted way to test a mineral's hardness.

Part 1

Part 1 of 2:

Doing the Scratch Test

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1
Make a chart if you want to plot your results. If you're testing more than 1 mineral and want to keep track of the data, get out a piece of graph paper and list the mineral samples on the left column. Then, make 5 columns along the top of the paper and write these in the spaces from left to right:^{[1]XResearch source}
- Fingernail (2.5)^{[2]XExpert SourceSam Lagor, MSc
  GeologistExpert Interview. 7 October 2021.}
- Copper (3)^{[3]XExpert SourceSam Lagor, MSc
  GeologistExpert Interview. 7 October 2021.}
- Steel (5.5)^{[4]XExpert SourceSam Lagor, MSc
  GeologistExpert Interview. 7 October 2021.}
- Quartz (7)
- Hardness
Tip: These columns help you keep track of what you use to scratch the mineral or what substances your mineral is able to scratch. If you're only testing 1 or 2 minerals, feel free to do the test without recording the data on a graph.
2
Take a mineral and try to scratch it with your fingernail. Always start the scratch test with the softest material, which is your fingernail. Take your first sample and try to scratch the surface with your fingernail. If your fingernail doesn't leave a mark on the mineral, try to scratch it with something harder.^{[5]XResearch source}^{[6]XExpert SourceSam Lagor, MSc
GeologistExpert Interview. 7 October 2021.}
- Write down your findings and continue the scratch test.
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3
Try to scratch the mineral with a copper penny. Work with the same mineral sample and get out a copper penny. The penny has a hardness level of 3 compared to the 2.5 hardness of your fingernail. See if this harder material leaves a mark on your mineral.^{[7]XResearch source}^{[8]XExpert SourceSam Lagor, MSc
GeologistExpert Interview. 7 October 2021.}
- If you get a scratch with the copper but not with the fingernail, you know that the mineral has a hardness of at least 3 since that's the hardness of the copper.
- If you're unsure whether your mineral or the penny is harder, try scratching the penny with the mineral. If the mineral leaves a mark, the mineral is harder.
4
Use a steel nail to scratch the mineral. Next, try to scratch the surface with the sharp end of a steel nail. If it leaves a mark, this means your mineral has a hardness of at least 5.5.^{[9]XResearch source}
- If it doesn't leave a mark, the mineral must be below a 5.5 hardness, which will help you narrow down the mineral when you interpret your results.
- You can also use a pocket knife or rock hammer for this part of the test.^{[10]XExpert SourceSam Lagor, MSc
  GeologistExpert Interview. 7 October 2021.}
5
Rub a piece of quartz against the mineral to see if you can scratch it. At 7, quartz is one of the hardest objects you might have around the house to use in the experiment. Really push the quartz hard against the surface of your mineral and try a back and forth movement to leave a scratch.^{[11]XResearch source}
- If the quartz didn't scratch your sample, your mineral is harder, which means it could be topaz, sapphire, or diamond.
Once you've tested the first mineral, repeat the process for each of your mineral samples. If you're tracking the info on a graph, now you can look at results and write the minerals' hardness in the right-hand column.^{[12]XResearch source}

Part 2

Part 2 of 2:

Interpreting the Results

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1
Figure out the hardest object that was able to scratch the mineral. Since an object can only scratch the mineral if it's the same hardness or harder, look for the hardest object that was able to scratch the mineral. This lets you know that the mineral can't be harder than this object.^{[13]XTrustworthy SourceUS National Park ServiceAgency responsible for the maintenance and promotion of national parks and monumentsGo to source}
- For example, if both your fingernail and the penny were able to scratch the mineral, the penny is the harder object.
2
Locate the object that couldn't scratch your mineral. Your mineral's hardness falls between the object that could leave a mark and the one that doesn't. This helps you narrow down the range of your mineral's hardness.^{[14]XTrustworthy SourceUS National Park ServiceAgency responsible for the maintenance and promotion of national parks and monumentsGo to source}
- For example, if your fingernail and the penny were able to scratch the mineral but the steel nail couldn't, your mineral can't be harder than a 3.
3
Decide if the mineral is the same hardness as one of the scratching objects. You might find that you can't easily tell if an object scratched the mineral. This can mean that they're about the same hardness, especially if you try to scratch the object with your mineral sample and you get the same result.
- If you're trying to rub a limestone sample against a calcite sample or the copper penny, they might make faint scratches since they all have a hardness of 3, for instance.
4
Look at the Mohs hardness scale to identify the mineral. Check all of your data to narrow down a hardness level for your mineral. Then, look at the Mohs hardness scale to identify minerals that have the same hardness level.^{[15]XResearch source}
- For example, if the copper penny (3) didn't scratch the mineral but a steel nail (5.5) did, you know that the hardness is between these. You can safely estimate the hardness of your mineral to be 4, which might be fluorite.
Did You Know? These are the 10 minerals by hardness level on the Mohs hardness scale:
1 Talc
2 Gypsum
3 Calcite
4 Fluorite
5 Apatite
6 Orthoclase
7 Quartz
8 Topaz
9 Corundum
10 Diamond

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How can you tell if something is calcite or quartz?
Sam Lagor, MSc
Geologist
Sam Lagor is a Geologist with over eight years of experience. He specializes in engineering geology (dams, bridges, and tunnels) and mineral exploration (gold, lead/zinc, andindustrial minerals). Sam holds a BS in Geology from St. Lawrence University and an MS in Geology from The University of Vermont. He is also a member of the Geological Society of America and the American Institute of Professional Geologists.
Sam Lagor, MSc
Geologist
Expert Answer
Quartz has a hardness of 7 while calcite has a hardness of 3. You can't scratch calcite with your fingernail, but you can scratch it with just about anything else.
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Tips

Although there are other ways to identify a mineral, the Mohs hardness scale is the only way to test a mineral's hardness.^{[16]XResearch source}
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If you can't tell if an object scratched your sample, rub the surface. If it's just left powder, your finger will wipe it off or you'll be able to see the scratch more clearly.
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Warnings

Be careful when you're scratching sharp minerals with sharp objects. You don't want to cut your hand if the mineral or object slips!
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