How to Keep a Healthy Thyroid

The thyroid gland is a small gland that sits in front of the windpipe and works with the pituitary gland in order to regulate hormone levels. The thyroid gland takes iodine, found in many foods and iodized salt, and converts it to thyroid hormones.^{[1]XResearch source Herschman, Jerome. The Merck Manual, An Overview of Thyroid Function} There are two conditions that can affect the thyroid gland. One is hypothyroidism, which is when you have an underactive thyroid. The second condition is hyperthyroidism, which is when you have an overactive thyroid and produce too much thyroid hormone. Having a healthy thyroid is important, and treating conditions of the thyroid is important for it to return to being healthy. There are lifestyle changes and medications you can use to get and keep a healthy thyroid.

This article is based off an interview with our board certified endocrinologist, Damaris Vega, MD. Check out the full interview here.

Method 1

Method 1 of 3:

Making Lifestyle Changes

1
Eat the right vegetables and fruits.^{[2]XExpert SourceDamaris Vega, MD
Board Certified EndocrinologistExpert Interview. 11 November 2020.} Eating fresh vegetables and fruits will help you maintain thyroid and overall health. You should also eat vegetables and fruits high in antioxidants, such bell pepper, cherries, tomatoes, blueberries, and squash. However, when you are working toward thyroid health, you need to know which kind of thyroid issue you suffer from because some vegetables can be more harmful than helpful.
- For example, if you suffer from hypothyroidism, you should avoid anything in the cabbage family, such as kale, spinach, brussels sprouts, broccoli, and cabbage. These foods interfere with thyroid function.
- If you are taking certain medications for thyroid health, you should also avoid soy beans until you talk to your doctor.
2
Cut out processed and refined foods. Processed and refined foods are not good for thyroid health. White breads, pastas, sugar, cookies, cakes, fast foods, and prepackaged foods are all processed and bad for your thyroid health. Instead, make meals with fresh ingredients and use as little premade or processed components as possible.
- Try switching out certain prepackaged things for fresh ingredients. For example, don't eat instant oatmeal in the morning. Instead, use steel-cut oatmeal and add nuts and spices to it. Avoid canned vegetables and make them fresh. These small steps will help you cut down on processed foods and help your thyroid health.
Caffeine and alcohol can impact the health of your thyroid. If you have hyperthyroidism, you should ask your doctor before using caffeinated beverages like soft drinks, coffee and tea. However, you should always ask your doctor before you increase your caffeine intake, no matter what kind of thyroid condition you have.
4
Find sources of iodine. Since you need iodine to combat thyroid problems, you need to make sure you get enough of it in your diet. Iodine is eaten in dietary forms of iodine by eating foods grown in soil with the appropriate iodine content, such as mushrooms, onions, and garlic. You can also get iodine naturally by eating meat from organic grass-fed animals. Some animal feed adds in potassium iodate, which also adds iodine to the meat you eat. Table salt is also a source of iodine because it has been supplemented with it.
- You may suffer from a lack of iodine, or iodine deficiency, when you don't eat enough table salt because this is the primary source of iodine you get on a daily basis. This can occur in diets comprised of foods that are not cooked at home.^{[3]XResearch sourceHuestron, William. Treatment of Hypothyroidism, American Family Physician 2001, Nov 15; 64 (10) 1717-1725}
5
Increase your selenium intake. The amount of selenium you get through supplementation has an impact on your thyroid health. The link between selenium deficiency was only recently established in the 1990s in relation to Graves disease, an autoimmune thyroid disease. Selenium supplementation provided a quicker return to healthy thyroid states than other methods.^{[4]XResearch sourceDrutel, Ann, Archambeaud, Francoise, and Caron, Philippe. Selenium and the Thyroid Gland, Clinical Endocrinology 2013 78 (2) 155-164}
- Incorporate more foods that contain high selenium levels, such as brazil nuts, tuna, shrimp, oysters, liver chicken, and turkey.
6
Take vitamin A supplements. Taking vitamin A as supplements has been found to regulate thyroid metabolism and was associated with decreased thyroid hormone levels in obese and non-obese patients studied. A dosage of 25,000 IU a day is recommended to maintain healthy thyroid function.^{[5]XResearch sourceFarhangi, MA, Keshavarz, SA, Eshraghian, M, et al, The Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation in Thyroid Function in Premenopausal Women, Journal of American College of Nutrition 2012, Aug 31 (4) 268-274}
- You can also incorporate more vitamin A into your diet with foods such as sweet potatoes, carrots, and squash.
- Talk to your doctor before taking vitamins in conjunction with prescribed medication to make sure there won't be any side effects.^{[6]XExpert SourceDamaris Vega, MD
  Board Certified EndocrinologistExpert Interview. 11 November 2020.}
7
Get more aerobic exercise. Intense aerobic activity has been shown to help with higher levels of circulating thyroid hormones. Aerobic exercise is any exercise which increases your target heart rate for a period of 30 minutes. Incorporate more exercises, such as jogging, running, dancing, cycling and aerobics. You should work out for 30 minutes a day at least five times a week. Your target heart rate is calculated by subtracting your age from 220 and multiplying by 0.7.
- For example, if you are 35 years old, your target heart rate is 220-35 = 185, then 185x0.7 = 129.5.^{[7]XResearch sourceCiloglu, Figen and Peker, Ismail. Exercise intensity and its effects on Thyroid Hormone, Neuroendocrine Letters 2005, 26 (6) 830-834}
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Method 2

Method 2 of 3:

Seeking Medical Help

1
See your doctor. If you suspect that you have a thyroid problem, then the first thing you should do is see your primary care physician for a physical exam and tests. Your doctor can easily determine if you have a thyroid problem by interviewing you, performing a physical exam, and ordering some simple blood tests.^{[8]XExpert SourceDamaris Vega, MD
Board Certified EndocrinologistExpert Interview. 11 November 2020.}
- Depending on your symptoms, lab tests may include a Thyroid stimulating hormone concentration (TSH test), Total thyroxine (T4 test), Total triiodothyronine (T3 Test), an/or a Free T4 Concentration test.
- Depending on the results of your bloodwork, you may also have to have imaging, such as an ultrasound or CT scan.^{[9]XTrustworthy SourceNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesHealth information from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, a division of the U.S. National Institutes of HealthGo to source}
2
Learn about thyroid conditions. There are two common problems that can affect the thyroid. The thyroid can be overactive and overproduce the thyroid hormone, which is called hyperthyroidism.^{[10]XTrustworthy SourceMayo ClinicEducational website from one of the world's leading hospitalsGo to source} The thyroid can also be underactive and produce insufficient amounts of the thyroid hormone, which is called hypothyroidism.^{[11]XTrustworthy SourceMayo ClinicEducational website from one of the world's leading hospitalsGo to source} Hypothyroidism is second only to diabetes as the most common endocrine disorder.
- Both conditions can cause a goiter, which is the enlargement of the thyroid in an effort to increase and manufacture thyroid hormone.^{[12]XExpert SourceDamaris Vega, MD
  Board Certified EndocrinologistExpert Interview. 11 November 2020.} A goiter presents as a glandular swelling that can be detected as a swelling in the neck. It is only considered a symptom, not a medical disorder in and of itself.^{[13]XResearch sourceHuestron, William. Treatment of Hypothyroidism, American Family Physician 2001, Nov 15; 64 (10) 1717-1725}
3
Recognize symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism causes an increase in metabolic activity. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:^{[14]XTrustworthy SourceNational Health Service (UK)Public healthcare system of the UKGo to source}
- Heat intolerance
- Tachycardia or rapid heart rate
- Weight loss
- Sweating
- Goiters^{[15]XResearch sourceReid, Jerri R. and Wheeler, Stephen F, Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment, American Family Physician 2005 Aug 15; 72 (4) 623-630}
4
Learn the causes of hyperthyroidism. The most common causes of hyperthyroidism are Grave’s disease, a toxic thyroid adenoma, a toxic multinodular goiter, lymphocytic thyroiditis, heart medications such as amiodarone, or a primary pituitary disorder.^{[16]XTrustworthy SourceNational Health Service (UK)Public healthcare system of the UKGo to source}
- A thyroid storm is a rare cause and at the extreme end of the spectrum of hyperthyroidism. In this condition, the patient exhibits symptoms such as increased heart rate, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, dehydration, and altered mental status.^{[17]XResearch sourceReid, Jerri R. and Wheeler, Stephen F, Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment, American Family Physician 2005 Aug 15; 72 (4) 623-630}
5
Recognize the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Every cell in the body requires thyroid hormones and without them, signs of decreased metabolism are present. The symptoms of hypothyroidism are:^{[18]XTrustworthy SourceNational Health Service (UK)Public healthcare system of the UKGo to source}
- Weight gain
- Depression
- Dry skin
- Memory Impairment
- Poor concentration
- Constipation
- Hair thinning or loss
- Joint pains
- Goiters
- Cold intolerance^{[19]XResearch sourceGaitonde, David, Rowley, Kevin and Sweeney, Lori. Hypothyroidism: An Update, American Family Physician Aug 2012, 1; 86 (3) p 244-251}
6
Consider the causes of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is most commonly caused by an autoimmune destruction of the gland or by Hashimoto’s disease, which is a condition where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism may also be caused by primary glandular insufficiency for unknown reasons, iodine deficiency, pregnancy, congenital disorders, or issues with the pituitary gland.^{[20]XTrustworthy SourceNational Health Service (UK)Public healthcare system of the UKGo to source}
- Hypothyroidism can also result from lithium or iodine containing drugs. Talk to your doctor about getting regular tests to monitor your thyroid if you take any of these types of drugs.
7
Get a diagnosis if you think you might have hypothyroidism. Most often, hypothyroidism is diagnosed by simple blood tests, such as the TSH test and thyroid hormone test. Generally, once you go to the doctor with the common symptoms of hypothyroidism, your doctor will run blood tests to check your hormone levels. You should get your levels checked every 6-12 months if you have hypothyroidism.^{[21]XExpert SourceDamaris Vega, MD
Board Certified EndocrinologistExpert Interview. 11 November 2020.}^{[22]XTrustworthy SourceNational Health Service (UK)Public healthcare system of the UKGo to source}
- You may want to ask for a test if you are at higher risk of hypothyroidism. Doctors may also suggest it themselves if you are an older woman or if you are pregnant or want to become pregnant.^{[23]XTrustworthy SourceMayo ClinicEducational website from one of the world's leading hospitalsGo to source}
In hypothyroidism, the body has a number of compensatory mechanisms which keep it functioning despite decreased hormone levels. In the event of sickness, such as infection, the body can increase its metabolic rate and the levels may overwhelm the body, causing coma. A severely low thyroid can even result in a myxedema coma, which is an extreme manifestation of hypothyroidism.^{[24]XResearch source Rhodes Wall, Cristen . Myxedema Coma: Diagnosis and Treatment, American Family Physician, 2000 Dec 1 62 (11) 2485-2490}
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Method 3

Method 3 of 3:

Using Medical Treatments for Thyroid Health

1
Take synthetic hormones for hypothyroidism.^{[25]XExpert SourceDamaris Vega, MD
Board Certified EndocrinologistExpert Interview. 11 November 2020.} Since the only concern with hypothyroidism is hormone productions, the only medication used for hypothyroidism is synthetic hormones. When the thyroid gland is not producing enough of any hormone, it must be supplemented. This can be supplemented with a synthetic thyroid hormone such as Synthroid, in doses ranging from 50 micrograms to 300 micrograms. Your doctor will use blood tests to determine your specific dose. Your doctor will start you on a lower dose, between 50 to 100 micrograms daily and recheck the blood tests four to six weeks after starting the medication, looking for changes in your hormone levels.
- Your doctor will also take into account your clinical symptoms, such as weight gain, energy level, fatigue, concentration, depression, or other symptoms of decreased metabolism. If your levels are not to the point of hypothyroidism yet, your doctor may still prescribe a low dose of synthetic hormone to help level out the symptoms.^{[26]XTrustworthy SourceMayo ClinicEducational website from one of the world's leading hospitalsGo to source}
- In addition to synthetic hormones, your doctor may prescribe Armour Thyroid, which is actual bovine desiccated thyroid gland to help regulate yours. Starting dose is commonly 60 mg daily, and continued until blood tests indicate a response.
2
Ask about radioactive iodine for hyperthyroidism. Radioactive iodine is used to destroy any active nodules in your thyroid in order to stop their uncontrolled production of the thyroid hormone. Radioactive Iodine therapy involves injection of radionuclide tagged iodine into a vein. The iodine is taken up by the thyroid gland, which absorbs the radioactive iodine. The radiation destroys the cells that comprise these active nodules that are producing excessive thyroid hormone, which causes the gland to shrink and symptoms to disappear within three to six months.
- A single dose of this medication is successful in 80% of cases. ^{[27]XResearch sourceReid, Jerri R. and Wheeler, Stephen F, Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment, American Family Physician 2005 Aug 15; 72 (4) 623-630}^{[28]XTrustworthy SourceMayo ClinicEducational website from one of the world's leading hospitalsGo to source}
- Pregnant people should not have this procedure.
3
Take other medications for hyperthyroidism.^{[29]XExpert SourceDamaris Vega, MD
Board Certified EndocrinologistExpert Interview. 11 November 2020.} Your doctor may prescribe you anti-thyroid medications such as methimazole when radioactive iodine is not permitted, such as with pregnant people or children. These medications prevent your thyroid from producing excess levels of the thyroid hormone and start helping symptoms in six to 12 weeks. Methimazole is prescribed at 15 to 30 mg per day.^{[30]XTrustworthy SourceMayo ClinicEducational website from one of the world's leading hospitalsGo to source}
- Treatment of a thyroid storm is treated with beta-blockers, as well as hydration and sedatives. Beta blockers are also prescribed if you have increased heart rate as a result of your hyperthyroidism.^{[31]XResearch sourceReid, Jerri R. and Wheeler, Stephen F, Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment, American Family Physician 2005 Aug 15; 72 (4) 623-630}
4
Consider surgery for hyperthyroidism. Your doctor may suggest surgery with thyroidectomy as the treatment of choice if you did not respond to medication or cannot take the medication, if you are pregnant, or are a child. This procedure is also done in cases for those with large goiters that are unsightly or compressing the trachea.
- This surgery consists of the removal of the gland. If you have this surgery, you will have to have lifelong treatment to replace your thyroid hormone since you no longer have a gland to produce it.^{[32]XTrustworthy SourceMayo ClinicEducational website from one of the world's leading hospitalsGo to source}
- Another option is a subtotal thyroidectomy. A surgeon will remove up to 90 percent of your thyroid gland under general anaesthetic. The remaining tissue may still produce enough thyroid hormone to mean replacement treatments are never required or not required for many years. You should monitor your general health for signs of change to your hormone health if you have a subtotal thyroidectomy.
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Expert Q&A

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Question
How do I find a doctor that specializes in thyroid conditions?
Chris M. Matsko, MD
Family Medicine Physician
Dr. Chris M. Matsko is a retired physician based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. With over 25 years of medical research experience, Dr. Matsko was awarded the Pittsburgh Cornell University Leadership Award for Excellence. He holds a BS in Nutritional Science from Cornell University and an MD from the Temple University School of Medicine in 2007. Dr. Matsko earned a Research Writing Certification from the American Medical Writers Association (AMWA) in 2016 and a Medical Writing & Editing Certification from the University of Chicago in 2017.
Chris M. Matsko, MD
Family Medicine Physician
Expert Answer
Any endocrinologist is trained to handle thyroid conditions. If you are close to a university medical center you may want to check there first.
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Question
What is the stage if TSH is 29.09 ul?
Chris M. Matsko, MD
Family Medicine Physician
Dr. Chris M. Matsko is a retired physician based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. With over 25 years of medical research experience, Dr. Matsko was awarded the Pittsburgh Cornell University Leadership Award for Excellence. He holds a BS in Nutritional Science from Cornell University and an MD from the Temple University School of Medicine in 2007. Dr. Matsko earned a Research Writing Certification from the American Medical Writers Association (AMWA) in 2016 and a Medical Writing & Editing Certification from the University of Chicago in 2017.
Chris M. Matsko, MD
Family Medicine Physician
Expert Answer
You likely have some form of Hypothyroidism. I would be see an endocrinologist for evaluation.
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If How.com.vn has helped you, please consider a small contribution to support us in helping more readers like you. We’re committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission.Support How.com.vn
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