How to Diagnose Hookworms in Dogs

Hookworms are an internal parasite that infects dogs and can cause serious internal bleeding. They are a common in dogs but puppies are especially at risk of infection.^{[1]XResearch source} However, effective anti-parasitic medications are available that kill this parasite. In order to get your dog this treatment, you should be vigilance about looking for the signs of infection and getting a prompt diagnosis from your vet.

Part 1

Part 1 of 3:

Identifying the Symptoms of a Hookworm Infection

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1
Be on the lookout for diarrhea or vomiting. A hookworm bites into the bowel wall, which can cause pain and stomach cramps. The dog is also likely to have diarrhea that is tinged with blood.^{[2]XResearch source}
- Also, if there is bleeding into the bowel, by the time the blood have passed along the gut it gives the feces a dark color.
- Some dogs may also vomit from hookworms, and this could contain blood as well.
2
Look for signs of anemia. The blood lost into the bowel, or consumed by hookworms, can cause anemia in the host. This blood loss causes the dog to lack energy and seem extremely tired. The anemia can also become life threatening in cases of hookworm that are left untreated.^{[3]XResearch source}
- If you lift a healthy dog's lip, the mucous membrane lining the mouth should be a healthy pink color. However, in an anemic dog the gums are a pale pink or even a white color.
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3
Be suspicious of stunted growth in puppies. In puppies with a heavy infection, the hookworms rob the puppy of nutrition. This causes the pup to grow poorly and its coat is likely to have a dull, harsh texture and color.^{[4]XResearch source}
- However, puppies can have stunted growth for a variety of reasons. If your puppy does not seem to be growing in size, take it to its veterinarian to get checked out.
The larvae migrate to the lungs where they are coughed up and swallowed down into the gut to mature. Therefore you may notice your dog has an intermittent cough.
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Notice if your dog has itchy, irritated feet. A dog that was kept in unsanitary conditions may have been subject to larvae migrating through the skin of its paws. This causes intense irritation, so the dog is liable to chew and bite at its feet.^{[5]XResearch source}
- Remember, though, that this is not the only way that hookworms enter the body, so a dog infected with them will not necessarily have irritated feet.
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Be very suspicious of symptoms in puppies that have not been treated for worms. Puppies should be treated for worms starting at two weeks old, with additional doses every two weeks for two months.^{[6]XResearch source} If your puppy has not gotten these treatments then it is more likely that it has worms.
- If you got your puppy from a good animal rescue or humane society, they should have at least begun its deworming.
- If you got your dog from an unverified source, such as from an online want-ad listing, then it may not have had any deworming treatments and is at risk of infection.

Part 2

Part 2 of 3:

Getting a Medical Diagnosis of Hookworm Infection

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If you notice some of the signs of a hookworm infection then you should get your dog checked out by a vet. The vet will perform a thorough physical examination to assess the patient, paying attention to what symptoms the dog has and how severe they are.
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Bring a stool sample with you. If the veterinarian suspects a hookworm infection, a diagnosis can be confirmed on a fecal flotation test. This is a special test where a sample of feces is mixed with a special solution and the hookworms eggs float to the surface. This is because the hookworm eggs are less dense than the fluid and the feces.^{[7]XResearch source}
- A clean microscope slide is then touched to the surface of the special solution and any eggs present stick to the slide. This is then examined under the microscope for the presence of hookworm eggs.
- This test is liable to detect a positive hookworm infection because hookworms pass large numbers of eggs that are shed regularly.
- The only time it is less reliable is in very young pups when the larvae have yet to mature into the adult form and therefore no eggs have been produced. This usually takes around 2 weeks, so if one negative test was obtained, a second test 2 - 3 weeks later should prove positive if the pup is infected.
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Follow your veterinarian's suggestions for treatment. The good news is that hookworms can be killed with a wide variety of deworming medications. However, these are only effective against adult worms, so it is a good idea to repeat dose the dogs 2 - 4 weeks after the initial dose.^{[8]XResearch source}
- Because of the greater risk of puppies being infected, it is advisable to treat them at 2,4,6, and 8 weeks of age with a product suitable for use at this age, such as fenbendazole (Panacur or Safeguard).^{[9]XResearch source}

Part 3

Part 3 of 3:

Understanding Hookworms

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1
Learn about hookworms. The scientific name for hookworms is Ancylostoma. They are a small, almost microscopic worm, with the adults being a maximum of 3mm long. They are rarely noticeable in a dog's feces because of their small size, and because they grip tightly onto the bowel wall, so they are not passed in large numbers.^{[10]XResearch source}
- Hookworms are commonly found throughout North America.^{[11]XResearch source}
- The adult worms live in the host's small intestine where they anchor themselves to the gut wall with hook-like mouths. The appearance of their mouths under a microscope is why they are named hookworms.
2
Understand how hookworms infect dogs. There are several ways that dogs can get hookworms. Dogs can be infected while they are growing in their mother's womb or are nursing, by licking contaminated feces, and through the skin of their paws.
- Unfortunately, hookworm infection is prevalent in puppies. This happens because hookworm larvae that are dormant in the mother can become activated when she is pregnant, migrate to the uterus, and infect the puppies in the womb.
- Also, the larvae migrate to the mammary glands where they are excreted in the mother's milk to infect the pups when they are suckling.^{[12]XResearch source}
- Dogs can also be infected orally if they lick feces contaminated with hookworm eggs. This is likely to happen if groups of dogs are kept in dirty conditions or they walk through feces and then lick their paws clean.
- Dogs can also be infected when larvae migrate through the skin on their paws. Again, this is caused by living in unhygienic conditions and being exposed to contaminated feces.^{[13]XResearch source}
3
Figure out why hookworms are bad for your dog. Hookworms suck your dog's blood, leading to blood loss.^{[14]XResearch source} One of the reasons that the blood loss is so extreme is because hookworms inject an anticoagulant through their mouths that stops a dog's blood from clotting. This means the dog then bleeds continually from the bite mark, even if the parasite let's go and relocates.
- This blood loss can be life threatening for puppies, and make a full-sized dog chronically ill.
- Hookworms can also cause your dog to have diarrhea and weight loss.