How to Backboard a Spinal Injury Victim in the Water

Every lifeguard's worst nightmare is having to perform a real in water spinal rescue. This is because the delicate and difficult procedure must be executed perfectly to ensure that the victim has the greatest chance of walking away from whatever accident occurred. Whether you are a lifeguard or not, having a set of instructions to review can increase your confidence in performing this rescue and allow for the best possible outcome for the victim.

Part 1

Part 1 of 5:

Rescuing the Victim

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1
Activate the Emergency Action Plan (EAP). Let others know about the situation so they can assist in the rescue.
- Blow your whistle and clear the pool.
- Have another lifeguard or a person nearby call 911.
- Have another lifeguard or person grab the Automatic External Defibrillator (AED) and bring it to you.
- Have a secondary lifeguard bring you a backboard.
After activating the EAP, carefully slide into the water and walk towards the victim. Avoid making a large splash and making waves in the water. They could jostle the victim and hurt them more.
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3
Splint the victim's head and neck. Carefully raise the victim's arms above their head, bringing them to a point. Firmly hold the victim's arms in that position, bracing them against their head in order to immobilize the head and neck. Be sure to keep their body in a straight line parallel to the surface of the water so to not bed their spine.
- Once you establish stabilization of the head and neck, do not break that stabilization. It could cause paralysis of the victim. You can change the method of stabilization, but do not break it.

Part 2

Part 2 of 5:

Placing The Backboard

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1
Place victim onto the backboard. While you are holding the victims arms against their head, have your secondary lifeguard approach you with the backboard.
- Instruct them to come up to the side of your body in which you are holding the victim.
- Have them tilt the backboard all the way on its side and swiftly dunk it straight down into the water.
- As the board begins to rise back to the surface and lay flat again, instruct your secondary guard to position it beneath the victim so that their head will be within the head restraint box.
2
Change the head-splint hold. Once the backboard is placed, you must begin preparation to secure the victim to the board by first changing the head-splint technique being used and then the position of the backboard in the water.
- Have your secondary guard firmly grasp the victims chin with one hand while resting their forearm down the middle of the victim's chest. Have them place their other hand on the bottom of the board to stabilize it.
- After your secondary guard has taken control of immobilizing your victim's head and neck, gently walk the backboard over to a pool wall. Stand behind the board with your back against the wall. Lower the victim's arms down to their sides and regain control of the immobilization of the head and neck by placing one hand on either side of the victim's head over each of their ears.
3
Stabilize the backboard. When you position yourself at the wall, you will need additional support for the backboard. Your secondary lifeguard can do this by placing rescue tubes beneath the back board.
- Have your secondary lifeguard dunk one rescue tube beneath the water and slide it underneath the head of the board by where you are standing.
- Have them then do the same thing, but place the tube under the foot of the board.

Part 3

Part 3 of 5:

Securing The Victim to The Board

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1
Place the straps of the backboard over the victim. To ensure the victim's safety when being removed from the pool and also for added immobilization, they must be secured with the straps attached to the backboard. Your secondary guard will perform this task while you maintain control of the victim's head and neck.
- Starting at the top of one side of the board, place the first strap under the victim's arm, but over their chest. Placing this first strap underneath the victim's arm before it goes over their chest secures the victim so they will not slip down and off the board when it is removed from the water. It holds them in place.
- Place the next strap over both the arm and chest. Since the first strap secures the victim from slipping down, the remaining straps can just go over everything.
- Continue down that side of the backboard until all of the strap on that side have been placed.
Repeat the previous process on the opposite side of the board. Do not reach over the board to do this as that may further harm the victim. Make sure, once again, that the first strap goes under the arm and over the chest, while the remaining straps go over everything. Once you have positioned each strap correctly, connect it to the coordinating strap by whatever means provided (Velcro, buckle, etc.).
3
Secure the head restraints. Once the victim's body is strapped into the backboard, their head must also be restrained using the head restraints provided with the board.
- Have your secondary lifeguard approach one side of the victim's head.
- Instruct them to line the head restraint up with your hand and the victim's head.
- On your count, have them slowly slide the restraint down along the side of the victim's head as you slowly pull your hand away
- Once the restraint it in place, replace your hand on the restraint as if you were still holding the victim's head.
- Repeat this procedure on the other side of the victim's head.
4
Finish securing the head restraints. Once both of the restraints are in place, use the head restraint strap attached to the head restraint portion of the board to completely immobilize the victim's head.
- Place the strap so that it lies across the victim's forehead.
- Secure the strap on the opposite side of the board.

Part 4

Part 4 of 5:

Removing The Victim From The Water

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After finishing securing the victim to the board, grab one side of the board as you move from behind the head of the board to standing next to it. With the help of your secondary guard, place the top edge of the board on the gutter of the pool.
After placing part of the backboard on to the gutter of the pool, hold the board as your secondary guard climbs out of the pool. Once out, instruct your secondary guard grab the top of the board as you move to the foot of the board.
Once in place, instruct your secondary guard to pull the backboard towards them and away from the water as you push. Make sure your secondary guard keeps the board low to the ground to prevent dropping it and causing further harm to the victim.

Part 5

Part 5 of 5:

Comforting and Caring For Victim Until EMS Arrives

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If the victim has any other injuries such as a cut or bump, treat accordingly. This might include applying a Band-Aid, icepack, or gauze patch.
While waiting for EMS to arrive, make sure victim is comfortable. For example, if they are cold, cover them with a towel/emergency blanket.

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Things You'll Need

One backboard (with head restraints and straps)
Minimum of two rescue tubes

Tips

Throughout the entire process, make sure to talk with the victim to find out important information such as their medical history, their allergies, and any medication they may be on. This will also help you to gauge their conscience level and whether or not you may need to take further action.
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